Romans 9

Authorized King James Version

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God's Sovereign Choice

1 I say the truthTruth: ἀλήθεια (Aletheia). The Greek aletheia (ἀλήθεια) denotes truth or reality—that which corresponds to actuality. Jesus declared, 'I am the way, the truth, and the life' (John 14:6), embodying ultimate reality. in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost, References Christ: 2 Corinthians 12:19, Philippians 1:8. Truth: 2 Corinthians 11:10, 1 Timothy 2:7. Spirit: Romans 1:9, 8:16. Witness: 2 Corinthians 1:12, 1 Thessalonians 2:5. Parallel theme: Galatians 1:20, 1 Timothy 1:5 +5

2 That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart. Parallel theme: Psalms 119:136, Jeremiah 9:1, 13:17, Lamentations 3:51, Ezekiel 9:4, Philippians 3:18

3 For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh: References Christ: 1 Corinthians 16:22. Curse: 1 Corinthians 12:3, Galatians 3:10. Parallel theme: Romans 11:14, Exodus 32:32, Esther 8:6, Acts 13:26 +2

4 Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises; Covenant: Genesis 17:2, Psalms 89:3, Acts 2:39, Ephesians 2:12, Hebrews 9:1. References God: Deuteronomy 7:6. Word: Romans 9:6, Psalms 147:19. References Israel: Exodus 4:22. Glory: 1 Kings 8:11 +5

5 Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, GodGod: Θεός (Theos). The Greek Theos (Θεός) refers to deity, used both for the one true God and false gods. Context determines whether it denotes the Father specifically or the Godhead generally. blessed for ever. Amen. References Christ: Romans 1:3, 1 John 5:20. References God: 1 Timothy 3:16. Blessing: Romans 1:25, Psalms 106:48. Parallel theme: Isaiah 7:14, 11:1, John 10:30, Revelation 1:18, 22:16 +5

6 Not as though the wordWord: λόγος (Logos). The Greek Logos (Λόγος) means word, reason, or message—the rational principle underlying reality. John identifies Christ as the eternal Logos: 'In the beginning was the Word' (John 1:1). of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel: References God: Romans 3:3, Numbers 23:19, Galatians 6:16. References Israel: John 1:47. Word: Isaiah 55:11, Matthew 24:35, John 10:35. Parallel theme: 2 Timothy 2:13 +3

7 Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called. References Abraham: Genesis 21:12. Parallel theme: Galatians 4:23, Hebrews 11:18

8 That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed. References God: Romans 8:14, John 1:13. Parallel theme: Psalms 87:6

9 For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sara shall have a son. Covenant: Genesis 17:21, Hebrews 11:17. Parallel theme: Genesis 18:10, 18:14, 21:2

10 And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac;

11 (For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;) References God: Romans 4:17, 1 Peter 5:10. Parallel theme: Psalms 51:5, Isaiah 14:24, 2 Timothy 1:9, Titus 3:5, 2 Peter 1:10, Revelation 17:14 +3

12 It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger.

13 As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. Love: Deuteronomy 21:15

God's Mercy

14 What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with GodGod: Θεός (Theos). The Greek Theos (Θεός) refers to deity, used both for the one true God and false gods. Context determines whether it denotes the Father specifically or the Godhead generally.? God forbid. References God: 2 Chronicles 19:7. Righteousness: Romans 2:5, Genesis 18:25, Deuteronomy 32:4, Job 8:3, 35:2, Psalms 92:15, 145:17, Jeremiah 12:1, Revelation 16:7 +5

15 For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. Grace: Romans 9:16, Exodus 33:19, Isaiah 27:11, Micah 7:18

16 So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. Grace: Ephesians 2:8. References God: Romans 9:11, Philippians 2:13. Parallel theme: Isaiah 65:1, Luke 10:21, John 3:8, James 1:18 +2

17 For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. Resurrection: Exodus 9:16, Esther 4:14. Word: Galatians 3:22, 4:30. Parallel theme: Romans 11:4, Joshua 9:9, 1 Samuel 4:8, Proverbs 16:4, Isaiah 37:20, John 17:26 +5

18 Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth. Parallel theme: Exodus 4:21, 7:13, Deuteronomy 2:30, Joshua 11:20, Isaiah 63:17

19 Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will? Parallel theme: Genesis 50:20, 2 Chronicles 20:6, Job 9:19, Psalms 76:10, Daniel 4:35, Mark 14:21, 1 Corinthians 15:12, 15:35, James 1:13 +4

20 Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against GodGod: Θεός (Theos). The Greek Theos (Θεός) refers to deity, used both for the one true God and false gods. Context determines whether it denotes the Father specifically or the Godhead generally.? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? References God: Job 40:2, 1 Timothy 6:5. Creation: Isaiah 29:16, 1 Corinthians 1:20. Parallel theme: Job 16:3, 33:13, 36:23, 40:8, Isaiah 64:8, Matthew 20:15 +5

21 Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour? Parallel theme: Romans 9:11, 9:18, Proverbs 16:4, Isaiah 64:8, Jeremiah 22:28, Hosea 8:8, Acts 9:15 +2

22 What if God, willing to shew his wrathWrath: ὀργή (Orgē). The Greek orgē (ὀργή) means wrath—settled, righteous anger against sin. Believers are 'saved from wrath through him' (Romans 5:9), as Christ bore God's wrath on the cross, satisfying divine justice., and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction: References God: Jude 1:4. Judgment: Psalms 90:11, 1 Thessalonians 2:16, 2 Peter 2:3. Parallel theme: Romans 9:17, 9:21, Exodus 9:16, Proverbs 16:4, 2 Timothy 2:20, 1 Peter 2:8 +5

23 And that he might make known the riches of his gloryGlory: δόξα (Doxa). The Greek doxa (δόξα) means glory, splendor, or magnificence—the radiant manifestation of God's perfection. Christ revealed the Father's glory: 'we beheld his glory' (John 1:14). on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory, Glory: Ephesians 3:16. Parallel theme: Romans 2:4, Ephesians 2:10

24 Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? Parallel theme: Colossians 3:11

25 As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved. Love: Romans 1:7, Ezekiel 16:8, John 16:27. Parallel theme: Hosea 2:23, 1 Peter 2:10

26 And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living GodGod: Θεός (Theos). The Greek Theos (Θεός) refers to deity, used both for the one true God and false gods. Context determines whether it denotes the Father specifically or the Godhead generally.. References God: Romans 8:16, Galatians 3:26. Parallel theme: Isaiah 43:6, 2 Corinthians 6:18

27 Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved: References Israel: Hosea 1:10. Parallel theme: Genesis 22:17, Isaiah 1:9, Jeremiah 5:10, Ezekiel 6:8

28 For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth. References Lord: Isaiah 10:23. Righteousness: Acts 17:31, Revelation 19:11

29 And as Esaias said before, Except the LordLord: Κύριος (Kurios). The Greek Kurios (Κύριος) means 'lord' or 'master,' used both for human masters and divinely for God the Father and Jesus Christ. Its application to Jesus affirms His deity, as it translates YHWH in the Septuagint. of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha. References Lord: Deuteronomy 29:23, Isaiah 1:9, Jeremiah 49:18, 50:40, Amos 4:11, James 5:4. Parallel theme: Isaiah 13:19, 2 Peter 2:6, Jude 1:7 +4

Israel's Unbelief

30 What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faithFaith: πίστις (Pistis). The Greek pistis (πίστις) denotes faith, belief, or trust—confidence in God's character and promises. It's both intellectual assent and relational trust, central to justification (Romans 5:1).. Faith: Romans 4:11, 10:6, Galatians 2:16, Philippians 3:9, Hebrews 11:7. Righteousness: Romans 9:14, Isaiah 51:1. Parallel theme: Romans 10:20, Ephesians 2:12 +4

31 But Israel, which followed after the lawLaw: νόμος (Nomos). The Greek nomos (νόμος) denotes law—particularly the Mosaic law. While believers are not under law but under grace (Romans 6:14), Christ fulfilled the law (Matthew 5:17) and wrote it on believers' hearts (Hebrews 8:10). of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. References Israel: Romans 11:7. Righteousness: Romans 3:20

32 Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; Faith: Romans 4:16. Word: 1 Peter 2:8. Parallel theme: Romans 10:3, 11:11, Matthew 13:57, Luke 2:34, 7:23, 1 Corinthians 1:23 +3

33 As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. Faith: Romans 10:11, Psalms 25:20, Isaiah 28:16. Parallel theme: Romans 5:5, Psalms 118:22, Isaiah 45:17, 54:4, Matthew 21:42, Philippians 1:20, 1 John 2:28 +5