Romans 9:4

Authorized King James Version

Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises;

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
οἵτινές
Who
which some, i.e., any that; also (definite) which same
#2
εἰσιν
are
they are
#3
Ἰσραηλῖται
Israelites
an "israelite", i.e., descendant of israel (literally or figuratively)
#4
ὧν
to whom
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#5
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#6
υἱοθεσία
pertaineth the adoption
the placing as a son, i.e., adoption (figuratively, christian sonship in respect to god)
#7
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#8
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#9
δόξα
the glory
glory (as very apparent), in a wide application (literal or figurative, objective or subjective)
#10
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#11
αἱ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#12
διαθῆκαι
the covenants
properly, a disposition, i.e., (specially) a contract (especially a devisory will)
#13
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#14
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#15
νομοθεσία
the giving of the law
legislation (specially, the institution of the mosaic code)
#16
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#17
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#18
λατρεία
the service
ministration of god, i.e., worship
#19
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#20
αἱ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#21
ἐπαγγελίαι
the promises
an announcement (for information, assent or pledge; especially a divine assurance of good)

Analysis

Within the broader context of Romans, this passage highlights salvation through declarative statements that establish theological truth. The theological weight of covenant connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about covenant, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Romans.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of Hellenistic epistolary literature with sophisticated theological argumentation shapes this text's meaning. Paul's systematic presentation built upon centuries of Jewish understanding about righteousness and divine justice Understanding a worldview shaped by both Jewish monotheism and Greco-Roman philosophical thought helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes covenant in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection

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