Romans 9:5

Authorized King James Version

Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
ὧν
Whose
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#2
οἱ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#3
πατέρες
are the fathers
a "father" (literally or figuratively, near or more remote)
#4
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#5
ἐξ
of
a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct
#6
ὧν
Whose
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#7
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#8
Χριστὸς
Christ
anointed, i.e., the messiah, an epithet of jesus
#9
τὸ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#10
κατὰ
as concerning
(prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined)
#11
σάρκα·
the flesh
flesh (as stripped of the skin), i.e., (strictly) the meat of an animal (as food), or (by extension) the body (as opposed to the soul (or spirit), or
#12
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#13
ὢν
came who
being
#14
ἐπὶ
is over
properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re
#15
πάντων
all
all, any, every, the whole
#16
θεὸς
God
a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)
#17
εὐλογητὸς
blessed
adorable
#18
εἰς
for
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
#19
τοὺς
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#20
αἰῶνας
ever
properly, an age; by extension, perpetuity (also past); by implication, the world; specially (jewish) a messianic period (present or future)
#21
ἀμήν
Amen
properly, firm, i.e., (figuratively) trustworthy; adverbially, surely (often as interjection, so be it)

Analysis

This verse develops the salvation theme central to Romans. The concept of divine sovereignty reflects justification by faith as the foundation of Christian hope. The divine name or title here functions within systematic theological exposition of the gospel to establish theological authority and covenantal relationship. The original language emphasizes careful word choice that would have carried specific theological weight for the original audience, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the cosmopolitan capital of the Roman Empire with diverse populations. The author writes to address a mixed congregation of Jewish and Gentile believers in the imperial capital, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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