Romans 9:29

Authorized King James Version

And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
καὶ
And
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#2
καθὼς
as
just (or inasmuch) as, that
#3
προείρηκεν
said before
used as alternate of g4277; to say already, predict
#4
Ἠσαΐας
Esaias
hesaias (i.e., jeshajah), an israelite
#5
Εἰ
if, whether, that, etc
#6
μὴ
(adverb) not, (conjunction) lest; also (as an interrogative implying a negative answer (whereas g3756 expects an affirmative one)) whether
#7
κύριος
the Lord
supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)
#8
Σαβαὼθ
of Sabaoth
armies; sabaoth (i.e., tsebaoth), a military epithet of god
#9
ἐγκατέλιπεν
had left
to leave behind in some place, i.e., (in a good sense) let remain over, or (in a bad sense) to desert
#10
ἡμῖν
us
to (or for, with, by) us
#11
σπέρμα
a seed
something sown, i.e., seed (including the male "sperm"); by implication, offspring; specially, a remnant (figuratively, as if kept over for planting)
#12
ὡς
as
which how, i.e., in that manner (very variously used, as follows)
#13
Σόδομα
Sodoma
sodoma (i.e., sedom), a place in palestine
#14
ἂν
been made like
whatsoever
#15
ἐγενήθημεν
to cause to be ("gen"-erate), i.e., (reflexively) to become (come into being), used with great latitude (literal, figurative, intensive, etc.)
#16
καὶ
And
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#17
ὡς
as
which how, i.e., in that manner (very variously used, as follows)
#18
Γόμοῤῥα
Gomorrha
gomorrha (i.e., amorah), a place near the dead sea
#19
ἂν
been made like
whatsoever
#20
ὡμοιώθημεν
to assimilate, i.e., compare; passively, to become similar

Analysis

This verse develops the salvation theme central to Romans. The concept of divine sovereignty reflects justification by faith as the foundation of Christian hope. The divine name or title here functions within systematic theological exposition of the gospel to establish theological authority and covenantal relationship. The original language emphasizes the covenant name Yahweh, emphasizing God's faithfulness to His promises, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

The historical context of the early imperial period under Nero (c. 57 CE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Roman Empire at its height, with sophisticated legal systems, diverse religious practices, and increasing Christian presence in major urban centers shaped Paul's theological arguments. The Greco-Roman urban culture with diverse religious and philosophical influences would have shaped how the original audience understood divine sovereignty. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Inscriptions from Corinth and Rome reveal the social dynamics and religious pluralism that shaped early Christian communities.

Questions for Reflection

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