Romans 5:18

Authorized King James Version

Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
Ἄρα
Therefore
a particle denoting an inference more or less decisive (as follows)
#2
οὖν
(adverbially) certainly, or (conjunctionally) accordingly
#3
ὡς
as
which how, i.e., in that manner (very variously used, as follows)
#4
δι'
by
through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)
#5
ἑνὸς
of one
one
#6
παραπτώματος
the offence
a side-slip (lapse or deviation), i.e., (unintentional) error or (wilful) transgression
#7
εἰς
judgment came upon
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
#8
πάντας
all
all, any, every, the whole
#9
ἀνθρώπους
men
man-faced, i.e., a human being
#10
εἰς
judgment came upon
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
#11
κατάκριμα
condemnation
an adverse sentence (the verdict)
#12
οὕτως
so
in this way (referring to what precedes or follows)
#13
καὶ
even
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#14
δι'
by
through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)
#15
ἑνὸς
of one
one
#16
δικαιώματος
the righteousness
an equitable deed; by implication, a statute or decision
#17
εἰς
judgment came upon
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
#18
πάντας
all
all, any, every, the whole
#19
ἀνθρώπους
men
man-faced, i.e., a human being
#20
εἰς
judgment came upon
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
#21
δικαίωσιν
justification
aquittal (for christ's sake)
#22
ζωῆς·
of life
life (literally or figuratively)

Analysis

The judgment and justice theme here intersects with the broader canonical witness to God's character and purposes. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation that finds its culmination in Christ. The phrase emphasizing righteousness contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's consistent character and purposes.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the cosmopolitan capital of the Roman Empire with diverse populations. The author writes to address a mixed congregation of Jewish and Gentile believers in the imperial capital, making the emphasis on judgment and justice particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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