John 13:23

Authorized King James Version

Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
ἦν
there was
i (thou, etc.) was (wast or were)
#2
δέ
Now
but, and, etc
#3
ἀνακείμενος
leaning
to recline (as a corpse or at a meal)
#4
εἷς
one
one
#5
τῶν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#6
μαθητῶν
disciples
a learner, i.e., pupil
#7
αὐτοῦ
of his
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#8
ἐν
on
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#9
τῷ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#10
κόλπῳ
bosom
the bosom; by analogy, a bay
#11
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#12
Ἰησοῦς·
Jesus
jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites
#13
ὃν
whom
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#14
ἠγάπα
G25
loved
to love (in a social or moral sense)
#15
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#16
Ἰησοῦς·
Jesus
jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites

Analysis

This verse develops the divine love theme central to John. The concept of love reflects the essential nature of God revealed through Christ. The emotional and relational language employed here is characteristic of theological biography emphasizing Jesus' divine identity, emphasizing the personal nature of divine-human relationship. The original language emphasizes agape in Greek contexts or hesed in Hebrew, indicating covenantal loyalty, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on divine love particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show patron-client relationships and family loyalty concepts, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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