John 21:20

Authorized King James Version

Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord, which is he that betrayeth thee?

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
Ἐπιστραφεὶς
turning about
to revert (literally, figuratively or morally)
#2
δέ
Then
but, and, etc
#3
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#4
Πέτρος
Peter
a (piece of) rock (larger than g3037); as a name, petrus, an apostle
#5
βλέπει
seeth
to look at (literally or figuratively)
#6
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#7
μαθητὴν
the disciple
a learner, i.e., pupil
#8
ὃς
which
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#9
ἠγάπα
G25
loved
to love (in a social or moral sense)
#10
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#11
Ἰησοῦς
Jesus
jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites
#12
ἀκολουθοῦντα
following
properly, to be in the same way with, i.e., to accompany (specially, as a disciple)
#13
ὃς
which
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#14
καὶ
also
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#15
ἀνέπεσεν
leaned
to fall back, i.e., lie down, lean back
#16
ἐν
at
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#17
τῷ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#18
δείπνῳ
supper
dinner, i.e., the chief meal (usually in the evening)
#19
ἐπὶ
on
properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re
#20
τὸ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#21
στῆθος
breast
the (entire external) bosom, i.e., chest
#22
αὐτοῦ
his
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#23
καὶ
also
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#24
εἶπεν
said
to speak or say (by word or writing)
#25
Κύριε
Lord
supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)
#26
τίς
which
an interrogative pronoun, who, which or what (in direct or indirect questions)
#27
ἐστιν
is he
he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are
#28
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#29
παραδιδούς
that betrayeth
to surrender, i.e yield up, entrust, transmit
#30
σε
thee
thee

Analysis

The divine love theme here intersects with God's covenantal faithfulness demonstrated throughout salvation history. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation from covenant love in the Old Testament to agape love in the New. The phrase emphasizing love fundamental to theology proper, revealing God's essential nature and character and connects to the broader scriptural witness about hesed in the Old Testament and agape in the New Testament.

Historical Context

The historical context of the late first century during increasing tension between synagogue and church provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The late first-century Jewish-Christian tensions and Hellenistic thought would have shaped how the original audience understood love. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

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