John 12:34

Authorized King James Version

The people answered him, We have heard out of the law that Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man?

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
ἀπεκρίθη
answered
to conclude for oneself, i.e., (by implication) to respond; by hebraism (compare h6030) to begin to speak (where an address is expected)
#2
αὐτῷ
him
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#3
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#4
ὄχλος
The people
a throng (as borne along); by implication, the rabble; by extension, a class of people; figuratively, a riot
#5
Ἡμεῖς
We
we (only used when emphatic)
#6
ἠκούσαμεν
have heard
to hear (in various senses)
#7
ἐκ
out of
a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct
#8
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#9
νόμου
the law
law (through the idea of prescriptive usage), genitive case (regulation), specially, (of moses (including the volume); also of the gospel), or figurat
#10
ὅτι
that
demonstrative, that (sometimes redundant); causative, because
#11
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#12
Χριστὸς
Christ
anointed, i.e., the messiah, an epithet of jesus
#13
μένει
abideth
to stay (in a given place, state, relation or expectancy)
#14
εἰς
for
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
#15
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#16
αἰῶνα
ever
properly, an age; by extension, perpetuity (also past); by implication, the world; specially (jewish) a messianic period (present or future)
#17
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#18
πῶς
how
an interrogative particle of manner; in what way? (sometimes the question is indirect, how?); also as exclamation, how much!
#19
σὺ
thou
thou
#20
λέγεις
sayest
properly, to "lay" forth, i.e., (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or set discourse; whereas g2036 and g5346 generally refer to an
#21
ὅτι
that
demonstrative, that (sometimes redundant); causative, because
#22
δεῖ
must
also deon deh-on'; neuter active participle of the same; both used impersonally; it is (was, etc.) necessary (as binding)
#23
ὑψωθῆναι
be lifted up
to elevate (literally or figuratively)
#24
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#25
υἱὸς
Son
a "son" (sometimes of animals), used very widely of immediate, remote or figuratively, kinship
#26
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#27
ἀνθρώπου
of man
man-faced, i.e., a human being
#28
τίς
who
an interrogative pronoun, who, which or what (in direct or indirect questions)
#29
ἐστιν
is
he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are
#30
οὗτος
this
the he (she or it), i.e., this or that (often with article repeated)
#31
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#32
υἱὸς
Son
a "son" (sometimes of animals), used very widely of immediate, remote or figuratively, kinship
#33
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#34
ἀνθρώπου
of man
man-faced, i.e., a human being

Analysis

The divine love theme here intersects with God's covenantal faithfulness demonstrated throughout salvation history. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation from covenant love in the Old Testament to agape love in the New. The phrase emphasizing covenant community contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about hesed in the Old Testament and agape in the New Testament.

Historical Context

The historical context of the late first century during increasing tension between synagogue and church provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The late first-century Jewish-Christian tensions and Hellenistic thought would have shaped how the original audience understood covenant community. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection

Related Resources

Explore related topics, people, and study resources to deepen your understanding of this passage.

Topics

People

Study Resources