Isaiah 48:4

Authorized King James Version

Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
מִדַּעְתִּ֕י
Because I knew
knowledge
#2
כִּ֥י
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#3
קָשֶׁ֖ה
that thou art obstinate
severe (in various applications)
#4
אָ֑תָּה
thou and thee, or (plural) ye and you
#5
וְגִ֤יד
sinew
a thong (as compressing); by analogy, a tendon
#6
בַּרְזֶל֙
is an iron
iron (as cutting); by extension, an iron implement
#7
עָרְפֶּ֔ךָ
and thy neck
the nape or back of the neck (as declining); hence, the back generally (whether literal or figurative)
#8
וּמִצְחֲךָ֖
and thy brow
the forehead (as open and prominent)
#9
נְחוּשָֽׁה׃
brass
copper

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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