Romans 1:21

Authorized King James Version

Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
διότι
Because
on the very account that, or inasmuch as
#2
γνόντες
that when they knew
to "know" (absolutely) in a great variety of applications and with many implications (as follow, with others not thus clearly expressed)
#3
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#4
θεὸν
God
a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)
#5
οὐχ
him not
the absolute negative (compare g3361) adverb; no or not
#6
ὡς
as
which how, i.e., in that manner (very variously used, as follows)
#7
θεὸν
God
a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)
#8
ἐδόξασαν
they glorified
to render (or esteem) glorious (in a wide application)
#9
neither
disjunctive, or; comparative, than
#10
εὐχαρίστησαν
were thankful
to be grateful, i.e., (actively) to express gratitude (towards); specially, to say grace at a meal
#11
ἀλλ'
but
properly, other things, i.e., (adverbially) contrariwise (in many relations)
#12
ἐματαιώθησαν
became vain
to render (passively, become) foolish, i.e., (morally) wicked or (specially), idolatrous
#13
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#14
τοῖς
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#15
διαλογισμοῖς
imaginations
discussion, i.e., (internal) consideration (by implication, purpose), or (external) debate
#16
αὐτῶν
their
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#17
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#18
ἐσκοτίσθη
was darkened
to obscure (literally or figuratively)
#19
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#20
ἀσύνετος
foolish
unintelligent; by implication, wicked
#21
αὐτῶν
their
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#22
καρδία
heart
the heart, i.e., (figuratively) the thoughts or feelings (mind); also (by analogy) the middle

Analysis

Within the broader context of Romans, this passage highlights salvation through simile or metaphorical language. The theological weight of divine sovereignty connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine sovereignty, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by establishing foundational concepts crucial to Romans's theological argument.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the cosmopolitan capital of the Roman Empire with diverse populations. The author writes to address a mixed congregation of Jewish and Gentile believers in the imperial capital, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

Related Resources

Explore related topics, people, and study resources to deepen your understanding of this passage.

Topics