Romans 1:4

Authorized King James Version

And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#2
ὁρισθέντος
And declared
to mark out or bound ("horizon"), i.e., (figuratively) to appoint, decree, specify
#3
υἱοῦ
to be the Son
a "son" (sometimes of animals), used very widely of immediate, remote or figuratively, kinship
#4
θεοῦ
of God
a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)
#5
ἐν
with
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#6
δυνάμει
power
force (literally or figuratively); specially, miraculous power (usually by implication, a miracle itself)
#7
κατὰ
according
(prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined)
#8
πνεῦμα
to the spirit
a current of air, i.e., breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively, a spirit, i.e., (human) the rational soul, (by implication) vital prin
#9
ἁγιωσύνης
G42
of holiness
sacredness (i.e., properly, the quality)
#10
ἐξ
by
a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct
#11
ἀναστάσεως
the resurrection
a standing up again, i.e., (literally) a resurrection from death (individual, genitive case or by implication, (its author)), or (figuratively) a (mor
#12
νεκρῶν
from the dead
dead (literally or figuratively; also as noun)
#13
Ἰησοῦ
jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites
#14
Χριστοῦ
anointed, i.e., the messiah, an epithet of jesus
#15
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#16
κυρίου
supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)
#17
ἡμῶν
of (or from) us

Analysis

Within the broader context of Romans, this passage highlights salvation through declarative statements that establish theological truth. The theological weight of holiness connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about holiness, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by establishing foundational concepts crucial to Romans's theological argument.

Historical Context

The historical context of the early imperial period under Nero (c. 57 CE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Roman Empire at its height, with sophisticated legal systems, diverse religious practices, and increasing Christian presence in major urban centers shaped Paul's theological arguments. The Greco-Roman urban culture with diverse religious and philosophical influences would have shaped how the original audience understood holiness. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Inscriptions from Corinth and Rome reveal the social dynamics and religious pluralism that shaped early Christian communities.

Questions for Reflection

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