Psalms 22:16

For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet.

Word-by-Word Analysis

כִּ֥י

H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

סְבָב֗וּנִי

H5437

have compassed

to revolve, surround, or border; used in various applications, literally and figuratively

כְּלָ֫בִ֥ים

H3611

For dogs

a dog; hence (by euphemism) a male prostitute

עֲדַ֣ת

H5712

me the assembly

a stated assemblage (specifically, a concourse, or generally, a family or crowd)

מְ֭רֵעִים

H7489

of the wicked

properly, to spoil (literally, by breaking to pieces); figuratively, to make (or be) good for nothing, i.e., bad (physically, socially or morally)

הִקִּיפ֑וּנִי

H5362

have inclosed

to strike with more or less violence (beat, fell, corrode); by implication (of attack) to knock together, i.e., surround or circulate

כָּ֝אֲרִ֗י

H3738

me they pierced

properly, to dig; figuratively, to plot; generally, to bore or open

יָדַ֥י

H3027

my hands

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

וְרַגְלָֽי׃

H7272

and my feet

a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda

Cross References

Related verses that illuminate this passage (hover to preview):

¹ John 19:37 John 19:37
And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they pierced.
— They pierced my hands and feet
² John 20:25 John 20:25
The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen the Lord. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe.
— Print of the nails

Analysis

Within the broader context of Psalms, this passage highlights worship and praise through simile or metaphorical language. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Psalms.

Historical Context

The historical context of the monarchic period, particularly David's reign (c. 1000-970 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Israelite monarchy with its temple worship, court life, and constant military threats created the liturgical and emotional context for these prayers and praises. The ancient Israelite worship practices and court culture would have shaped how the original audience understood divine revelation. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Temple archaeology and ancient musical instruments illuminate the liturgical context of Israelite worship.

Questions for Reflection

In what ways does this verse's emphasis on divine revelation address questions about God's character and purposes in the modern world, and how should the church respond?
How does the worship and praise theme in this verse connect to the overarching narrative of Scripture, and what does this reveal about God's character and purposes?
What practical applications emerge from understanding worship and praise as presented in this verse, particularly in light of contemporary challenges facing the church and individual believers?