Matthew 12:40

Authorized King James Version

For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
ὥσπερ
as
just as, i.e., exactly like
#2
γὰρ
For
properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)
#3
ἦν
was
i (thou, etc.) was (wast or were)
#4
Ἰωνᾶς
Jonas
jonas (i.e., jonah), the name of two israelites
#5
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#6
τῇ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#7
κοιλίᾳ
belly
a cavity, i.e., (especially) the abdomen; by implication, the matrix; figuratively, the heart
#8
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#9
κήτους
the whale's
a huge fish (as gaping for prey)
#10
τρεῖς
three
"three"
#11
ἡμέρας
days
day, i.e., (literally) the time space between dawn and dark, or the whole 24 hours (but several days were usually reckoned by the jews as inclusive of
#12
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#13
τρεῖς
three
"three"
#14
νύκτας
nights
"night" (literally or figuratively)
#15
οὕτως
so
in this way (referring to what precedes or follows)
#16
ἔσται
be
will be
#17
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#18
υἱὸς
shall the Son
a "son" (sometimes of animals), used very widely of immediate, remote or figuratively, kinship
#19
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#20
ἀνθρώπου
of man
man-faced, i.e., a human being
#21
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#22
τῇ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#23
καρδίᾳ
the heart
the heart, i.e., (figuratively) the thoughts or feelings (mind); also (by analogy) the middle
#24
τῆς
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#25
γῆς
of the earth
soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe (including the occupants in each application)
#26
τρεῖς
three
"three"
#27
ἡμέρας
days
day, i.e., (literally) the time space between dawn and dark, or the whole 24 hours (but several days were usually reckoned by the jews as inclusive of
#28
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#29
τρεῖς
three
"three"
#30
νύκτας
nights
"night" (literally or figuratively)

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within Roman imperial rule over Jewish Palestine with messianic expectations. The author writes to address Jewish Christians seeking to understand Jesus as Messiah, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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