Luke 23:44

Authorized King James Version

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And it was about the sixth hour, and there was a darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour.

Original Language Analysis

ἦν it was G2258
ἦν it was
Strong's: G2258
Word #: 1 of 15
i (thou, etc.) was (wast or were)
δὲ And G1161
δὲ And
Strong's: G1161
Word #: 2 of 15
but, and, etc
ὡσεὶ about G5616
ὡσεὶ about
Strong's: G5616
Word #: 3 of 15
as if
ὥρας hour G5610
ὥρας hour
Strong's: G5610
Word #: 4 of 15
an "hour" (literally or figuratively)
ἕκτη, the sixth G1623
ἕκτη, the sixth
Strong's: G1623
Word #: 5 of 15
sixth
Καὶ and G2532
Καὶ and
Strong's: G2532
Word #: 6 of 15
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
σκότος a darkness G4655
σκότος a darkness
Strong's: G4655
Word #: 7 of 15
shadiness, i.e., obscurity (literally or figuratively)
ἐγένετο there was G1096
ἐγένετο there was
Strong's: G1096
Word #: 8 of 15
to cause to be ("gen"-erate), i.e., (reflexively) to become (come into being), used with great latitude (literal, figurative, intensive, etc.)
ἐφ' over G1909
ἐφ' over
Strong's: G1909
Word #: 9 of 15
properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re
ὅλην all G3650
ὅλην all
Strong's: G3650
Word #: 10 of 15
"whole" or "all", i.e., complete (in extent, amount, time or degree), especially (neuter) as noun or adverb
τὴν G3588
τὴν
Strong's: G3588
Word #: 11 of 15
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
γῆν the earth G1093
γῆν the earth
Strong's: G1093
Word #: 12 of 15
soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe (including the occupants in each application)
ἕως until G2193
ἕως until
Strong's: G2193
Word #: 13 of 15
a conjunction, preposition and adverb of continuance, until (of time and place)
ὥρας hour G5610
ὥρας hour
Strong's: G5610
Word #: 14 of 15
an "hour" (literally or figuratively)
ἐννάτης the ninth G1766
ἐννάτης the ninth
Strong's: G1766
Word #: 15 of 15
ninth

Analysis & Commentary

Supernatural darkness: 'And it was about the sixth hour, and there was a darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour.' The timing: 'the sixth hour' (ἕκτη ὥρα, hektē hōra) was noon; 'the ninth hour' (ἐνάτης ὥρας, enatēs hōras) was 3 PM. For three hours, 'darkness over all the earth' (σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφ' ὅλην τὴν γῆν, skotos egeneto eph' holēn tēn gēn) covered the land. This wasn't natural eclipse—Passover occurred at full moon when eclipses are impossible. The darkness was supernatural, signifying divine judgment. When Jesus bore sin, the Father turned away, and darkness covered the earth. This fulfills Amos 8:9: 'I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day.' Creation itself mourned as the Creator died.

Historical Context

Darkness in Scripture symbolizes judgment, God's presence, and separation from Him (Genesis 15:12, Exodus 10:21-23, Matthew 8:12). During Jesus' crucifixion, all three meanings applied. He experienced judgment for human sin (Isaiah 53:4-6, 2 Corinthians 5:21), the Father's wrathful presence (Habakkuk 3:3-4), and separation from the Father (Matthew 27:46). The three-hour darkness during midday was impossible to miss or misinterpret—supernatural intervention was occurring. Some early Christian writers report pagan historians noting this event. Whether the darkness was localized to Judea ('all the land') or worldwide ('all the earth'), it signaled that the universe's most significant event was transpiring: the Son of God was dying for sinners.

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