John 12:4

Authorized King James Version

Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, which should betray him,

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
λέγει
saith
properly, to "lay" forth, i.e., (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or set discourse; whereas g2036 and g5346 generally refer to an
#2
οὖν
Then
(adverbially) certainly, or (conjunctionally) accordingly
#3
εἷς
one
one
#4
ἐκ
of
a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct
#5
son which
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#6
μαθητῶν
disciples
a learner, i.e., pupil
#7
αὐτὸν
him
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#8
Ἰούδας
Judas
judas (i.e., jehudah), the name of ten israelites; also of the posterity of one of them and its region
#9
Σίμωνος
Simon's
simon (i.e., shimon), the name of nine israelites
#10
Ἰσκαριώτης
Iscariot
inhabitant of kerioth; iscariotes (i.e., keriothite), an epithet of judas the traitor
#11
son which
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#12
μέλλων
should
to intend, i.e., be about to be, do, or suffer something (of persons or things, especially events; in the sense of purpose, duty, necessity, probabili
#13
αὐτὸν
him
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#14
παραδιδόναι
betray
to surrender, i.e yield up, entrust, transmit

Analysis

The divine love theme here intersects with God's covenantal faithfulness demonstrated throughout salvation history. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation from covenant love in the Old Testament to agape love in the New. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about hesed in the Old Testament and agape in the New Testament.

Historical Context

The historical context of the late first century during increasing tension between synagogue and church provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The late first-century Jewish-Christian tensions and Hellenistic thought would have shaped how the original audience understood divine revelation. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection

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