Daniel 5:23

Authorized King James Version

But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
וְעַ֣ל
thyself against
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#2
מָרֵֽא
the Lord
a master
#3
שְׁמַיָּ֣א׀
of heaven
the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies r
#4
הִתְרוֹמַ֡מְתָּ
But hast lifted up
to be high actively, to rise or raise (in various applications, literally or figuratively)
#5
וּלְמָֽאנַיָּ֨א
the vessels
a utensil
#6
דִֽי
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
#7
בַיְתֵ֜הּ
of his house
a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
#8
הַיְתִ֣יו
and they have brought
to come, to bring
#9
קָֽדָמָ֗יךְ
before
before
#10
וְאַ֨נְתְּה
thee and thou
thou
#11
וְרַבְרְבָנָ֜יךְ
and thy lords
a magnate
#12
שֵֽׁגְלָתָ֣ךְ
thy wives
a (legitimate) queen
#13
וּלְחֵנָתָךְ֮
and thy concubines
a concubine
#14
חַמְרָא֮
wine
wine
#15
שָׁתַ֣יִן
have drunk
to imbibe (literally or figuratively)
#16
בְּהוֹן֒
H0
#17
וְלֵֽאלָהָ֞א
and the God
god
#18
כַסְפָּֽא
of silver
silver money
#19
וְ֠דַהֲבָא
and gold
gold
#20
נְחָשָׁ֨א
of brass
copper
#21
פַרְזְלָ֜א
iron
iron
#22
אָעָ֣א
wood
a tree or wood
#23
וְאַבְנָ֗א
H69
and stone
a stone
#24
דִּ֠י
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
#25
לָ֥א
hast thou not
no, not
#26
חָזַ֧יִן
which see
to gaze upon; mentally to dream, be usual (i.e., seem)
#27
לָ֥א
hast thou not
no, not
#28
שָׁמְעִ֛ין
hear
to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.)
#29
לָ֥א
hast thou not
no, not
#30
יָדְעִ֖ין
know
to inform
#31
שַׁבַּ֑חְתָּ
in them and thou hast praised
to adulate, i.e., adore
#32
וְלֵֽאלָהָ֞א
and the God
god
#33
דִּֽי
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
#34
נִשְׁמְתָ֥ךְ
thy breath
vital breath
#35
בִּידֵ֛הּ
in whose hand
hand (indicating power)
#36
וְכָל
is and whose are all
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#37
אֹרְחָתָ֥ךְ
thy ways
a road
#38
לֵ֖הּ
H0
#39
לָ֥א
hast thou not
no, not
#40
הַדַּֽרְתָּ׃
glorified
to magnify (figuratively)

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine sovereignty contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of the literary conventions and historical circumstances of biblical literature shapes this text's meaning. The historical development of salvation within the theological tradition of Daniel Understanding the ancient worldview that shaped the author's theological expression helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes divine sovereignty in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection

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