Ruth 1:14

Analysis & Commentary

And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her. Naomi's stark reasoning produces emotional response: "they lifted up their voice, and wept again" (vatissenah qolan vatibkenah od, וַתִּשֶּׂנָה קוֹלָן וַתִּבְכֶּינָה עוֹד). The verb "lifted up their voice" is Hebrew idiom for loud, unrestrained crying. "Again" (od, עוֹד) refers back to verse 9's weeping, suggesting brief respite followed by renewed grief. The weeping reflects the heartbreak of an impossible choice—love for Naomi versus practical necessity, loyalty versus survival, costly faith versus secure unbelief.

Then comes the decisive moment: "Orpah kissed her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her." The contrast is stark, introduced by the adversative "but" (ve). Orpah's kiss (vatishaq, וַתִּשַּׁק) signifies farewell—affectionate but final. She chooses the reasonable path Naomi urged, returning to family, security, and familiar gods (v. 15). There's no indication Orpah's choice was wrong in purely human terms; she did exactly what Naomi advised and cultural expectation demanded. Yet she disappears from the narrative, her name (possibly related to "neck" or "back") symbolizing one who turns back.

Ruth, however, "clave unto her" (davqah vah, דָּבְקָה בָהּ). The verb davaq (דָּבַק, "cling," "cleave," "hold fast") is the same used in Genesis 2:24 for marriage union ("shall cleave unto his wife") and in Deuteronomy 10:20; 11:22; 30:20 for Israel's covenant loyalty to God ("cleave unto him"). This is not casual association but covenant commitment—Ruth bonds herself to Naomi with marriage-like and worship-like devotion. The word suggests being glued together, inseparably joined. Ruth's clinging embodies covenant faithfulness (hesed, חֶסֶד, v. 8) in action, becoming living testimony to the loyalty Israel was called to show Yahweh. Her choice illustrates saving faith: clinging to God's people and God's covenant despite cost, uncertainty, and contrary human wisdom.

Historical Context

The contrasting choices of Orpah and Ruth have been interpreted variously throughout history. Orpah wasn't condemned in the text—she did what Naomi advised and what cultural expectation demanded. Yet her reasonable choice led to obscurity while Ruth's unreasonable choice led to blessing, royal lineage, and inclusion in Messiah's genealogy (Matthew 1:5). This pattern recurs in Scripture: Abel's faith-offering versus Cain's reasonable offering; Abraham leaving Ur versus Lot choosing Sodom's prosperity; Moses choosing identification with suffering Hebrews versus pleasure in Pharaoh's house (Hebrews 11:24-26).

The Hebrew word davaq ("cling/cleave") creates powerful theological resonance. When used for covenant loyalty to Yahweh (Deuteronomy 10:20; 11:22; 13:4; 30:20; Joshua 22:5; 23:8), it describes the total commitment God requires—not casual religious observance but passionate, exclusive devotion. Ruth's cleaving to Naomi demonstrated this same quality, making her a model of covenant faithfulness. Later Jewish tradition greatly honored Ruth; the book is read during Shavuot (Feast of Weeks/Pentecost) celebrating the giving of the Law, linking Ruth's commitment to Israel's covenant commitment to God.

The narrative's silence on Orpah after verse 15 is striking. We never learn whether she remarried, had children, or prospered in Moab. Her story ends when she turns back. This literary choice emphasizes that significance comes not from following cultural expectations but from covenant commitment to God's people and purposes. Ruth's name appears 12 times in the book; Orpah's appears only twice. The path of least resistance leads to historical irrelevance; the costly path of faith leads to eternal significance. Every believer faces similar choices between reasonable self-preservation and unreasonable faith—Ruth's example calls us to cleave to Christ and His people regardless of cost.

Questions for Reflection

• What 'Orpah choices' are you facing where the reasonable, culturally acceptable path conflicts with costly covenant faithfulness?
• To whom or what are you 'cleaving' with the kind of inseparable commitment Ruth demonstrated toward Naomi?
• How does Ruth's example challenge your willingness to make faith commitments that appear foolish by worldly calculation?