Romans 2:28

Authorized King James Version

For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
οὐ
not
the absolute negative (compare g3361) adverb; no or not
#2
γὰρ
For
properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)
#3
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#4
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#5
τῷ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#6
φανερῷ
shining, i.e., apparent (literally or figuratively); neuter (as adverb) publicly, externally
#7
Ἰουδαῖός
a Jew
judaean, i.e., belonging to jehudah
#8
ἐστιν
he is
he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are
#9
οὐδὲ
neither
not however, i.e., neither, nor, not even
#10
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#11
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#12
τῷ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#13
φανερῷ
shining, i.e., apparent (literally or figuratively); neuter (as adverb) publicly, externally
#14
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#15
σαρκὶ
the flesh
flesh (as stripped of the skin), i.e., (strictly) the meat of an animal (as food), or (by extension) the body (as opposed to the soul (or spirit), or
#16
περιτομή
is that circumcision
circumcision (the rite, the condition or the people, literally or figuratively)

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of Hellenistic epistolary literature with sophisticated theological argumentation shapes this text's meaning. Paul's systematic presentation built upon centuries of Jewish understanding about righteousness and divine justice Understanding a worldview shaped by both Jewish monotheism and Greco-Roman philosophical thought helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes divine revelation in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection

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