The list continues with diverse figures: 'Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus.' Matthew identifies himself as 'the publican' (ο τελωνης), acknowledging his despised former profession. This self-designation reveals humility and awareness of grace—Jesus called him from tax collecting to apostleship. The others remain relatively obscure in Scripture, reminding us that faithful service doesn't always mean public recognition. God uses both prominent and hidden servants. These men represent ordinary people transformed by extraordinary calling. Their selection demolishes merit-based thinking: Jesus chose not the qualified but those He would qualify through His presence and Spirit.
Historical Context
Tax collectors were collaborators with Rome's oppressive system, extracting revenue plus profit. For Matthew to include his shameful past in his own Gospel demonstrates remarkable transparency. Philip came from Bethsaida, same town as Peter and Andrew. Thomas, famous for doubt (John 20:24-29), illustrates that questioning doesn't disqualify from apostleship. Thaddaeus may be the same as Judas son of James (Luke 6:16). The relative obscurity of several apostles reminds us that church history often elevates some while forgetting others equally faithful.
Questions for Reflection
What does Matthew's inclusion of his shameful past teach about honest testimony?
How does the obscurity of several apostles challenge our desire for recognition?
What does Jesus' choice of 'unqualified' apostles teach about grace and calling?
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Analysis & Commentary
The list continues with diverse figures: 'Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus.' Matthew identifies himself as 'the publican' (ο τελωνης), acknowledging his despised former profession. This self-designation reveals humility and awareness of grace—Jesus called him from tax collecting to apostleship. The others remain relatively obscure in Scripture, reminding us that faithful service doesn't always mean public recognition. God uses both prominent and hidden servants. These men represent ordinary people transformed by extraordinary calling. Their selection demolishes merit-based thinking: Jesus chose not the qualified but those He would qualify through His presence and Spirit.