Genesis 19:4

Authorized King James Version

But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both old and young, all the people from every quarter:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
טֶרֶם֮
properly, non-occurrence; used adverbially, not yet or before
#2
יִשְׁכָּבוּ֒
But before they lay down
to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose)
#3
אַנְשֵׁ֤י
even the men
properly, a mortal (and thus differing from the more dignified h0120); hence, a man in general (singly or collectively)
#4
הָעִ֜יר
of the city
a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)
#5
אַנְשֵׁ֤י
even the men
properly, a mortal (and thus differing from the more dignified h0120); hence, a man in general (singly or collectively)
#6
סְדֹם֙
of Sodom
sedom, a place near the dead sea
#7
נָסַ֣בּוּ
compassed
to revolve, surround, or border; used in various applications, literally and figuratively
#8
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#9
הַבַּ֔יִת
the house
a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
#10
מִנַּ֖עַר
and young
(concretely) a boy (as active), from the age of infancy to adolescence; by implication, a servant; also (by interch. of sex), a girl (of similar latit
#11
וְעַד
as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)
#12
זָקֵ֑ן
both old
old
#13
כָּל
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#14
הָעָ֖ם
all the people
a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock
#15
מִקָּצֶֽה׃
from every quarter
an extremity

Analysis

The creation and providence theme here intersects with the broader canonical witness to God's character and purposes. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation that finds its culmination in Christ. The phrase emphasizing covenant community contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's consistent character and purposes.

Historical Context

The historical context of the patriarchal period (c. 2000-1500 BCE) and primeval history provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The ancient Near Eastern world with its creation myths, flood narratives, and patriarchal social structures provided the cultural backdrop against which God's revelation stands in stark contrast. The ancient Near Eastern cosmology and patriarchal society would have shaped how the original audience understood covenant community. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Ancient Near Eastern creation texts like Enuma Elish provide comparative context for understanding Genesis's unique theological perspective.

Questions for Reflection

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