Matthew 20:16
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Matthew 20:16
16 So the last shall be first, and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen.
Chapter Context
Matthew 20 is a biographical gospel chapter in the New Testament that explores themes of holiness, covenant, judgment. Written during the late first century CE (c. 80-90 CE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Written when Christianity was separating from Judaism following Jerusalem's destruction.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-34: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it foreshadows Christ's work through typology and prophetic elements. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Matthew and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Matthew 20:16
16 So the last shall be first, and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen.
Analysis
Jesus concludes the vineyard parable with 'the last shall be first, and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen.' This encapsulates sovereign grace—God rewards according to His generosity, not human merit. The phrase 'many be called, but few chosen' distinguishes external gospel call from effectual calling. Reformed doctrine of election sees here God's sovereign choice determining salvation. All hear the gospel call; only God's elect respond in saving faith. Kingdom inclusion depends on God's choice, not human worthiness or timing.
Historical Context
The parable responds to Peter's question about disciples' reward (19:27) and the rich young ruler incident. It addresses Jewish assumptions about covenant privilege guaranteeing kingdom entrance. The workers hired at different hours all receive the same wage, illustrating grace over merit. This teaching prepared disciples for Gentiles' inclusion in the church alongside Jews.
Reflection
- How does God's sovereignty in salvation affect your view of evangelism?
- What 'first place' assumptions about your spiritual standing need challenging?
- How should God's generosity shape your attitude toward newer or different believers?
Cross-References
- Parallel theme: Matthew 7:13, 19:30, 21:31, 22:14, Mark 10:31, Luke 14:24