Romans 2:9

Authorized King James Version

Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
θλῖψις
Tribulation
pressure (literally or figuratively)
#2
καὶ
also
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#3
στενοχωρία
anguish
narrowness of room, i.e., (figuratively) calamity
#4
ἐπὶ
upon
properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re
#5
πᾶσαν
every
all, any, every, the whole
#6
ψυχὴν
soul
breath, i.e., (by implication) spirit, abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from g4151, wh
#7
ἀνθρώπου
of man
man-faced, i.e., a human being
#8
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#9
κατεργαζομένου
that doeth
to work fully, i.e., accomplish; by implication, to finish, fashion
#10
τὸ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#11
κακόν
evil
worthless (intrinsically, such; whereas g4190 properly refers to effects), i.e., (subjectively) depraved, or (objectively) injurious
#12
Ἰουδαίου
of the Jew
judaean, i.e., belonging to jehudah
#13
τε
and
both or also (properly, as correlation of g2532)
#14
πρῶτον
first
firstly (in time, place, order, or importance)
#15
καὶ
also
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#16
Ἕλληνος·
of the Gentile
a hellen (grecian) or inhabitant of hellas; by extension a greek-speaking person, especially a non-jew

Analysis

Within the broader context of Romans, this passage highlights salvation through universal language and absolute statements. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Romans.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the cosmopolitan capital of the Roman Empire with diverse populations. The author writes to address a mixed congregation of Jewish and Gentile believers in the imperial capital, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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