Isaiah 41:2

Authorized King James Version

Who raised up the righteous man from the east, called him to his foot, gave the nations before him, and made him rule over kings? he gave them as the dust to his sword, and as driven stubble to his bow.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
מִ֤י
who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix
#2
הֵעִיר֙
Who raised up
to wake (literally or figuratively)
#3
מִמִּזְרָ֔ח
man from the east
sunrise, i.e., the east
#4
צֶ֖דֶק
the righteous
the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity
#5
יִקְרָאֵ֣הוּ
called
to call out to (i.e., properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
#6
לְרַגְל֑וֹ
him to his foot
a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda
#7
יִתֵּ֤ן
gave
to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
#8
לְפָנָ֤יו
before
the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposi
#9
גּוֹיִם֙
the nations
a foreign nation; hence, a gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts
#10
וּמְלָכִ֣ים
over kings
a king
#11
יַ֔רְדְּ
him and made him rule
to tread down, i.e., subjugate; specifically, to crumble off
#12
יִתֵּ֤ן
gave
to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
#13
כֶּֽעָפָר֙
them as the dust
dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud
#14
חַרְבּ֔וֹ
to his sword
drought; also a cutting instrument (from its destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp implement
#15
כְּקַ֥שׁ
stubble
straw (as dry)
#16
נִדָּ֖ף
and as driven
to shove asunder, i.e., disperse
#17
קַשְׁתּֽוֹ׃
to his bow
a bow, for shooting (hence, figuratively, strength) or the iris

Analysis

The kingdom of God theme here intersects with the progressive revelation of God's rule from creation to consummation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of development from creation mandate through Davidic kingdom to eschatological fulfillment. The phrase emphasizing covenant community contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's reign from creation through the millennial kingdom.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of the literary conventions and historical circumstances of biblical literature shapes this text's meaning. The historical development of kingdom of God within the theological tradition of Isaiah Understanding the ancient worldview that shaped the author's theological expression helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes covenant community in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection

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