Hosea 10:4

Authorized King James Version

They have spoken words, swearing falsely in making a covenant: thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
דִּבְּר֣וּ
They have spoken
perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
#2
דְבָרִ֔ים
words
a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
#3
אָל֥וֹת
swearing
properly, to adjure, i.e., (usually in a bad sense) imprecate
#4
שָׁ֖וְא
falsely
evil (as destructive), literally (ruin) or morally (especially guile); figuratively idolatry (as false, subjective), uselessness (as deceptive, object
#5
כָּרֹ֣ת
in making
to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutt
#6
בְּרִ֑ית
a covenant
a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)
#7
וּפָרַ֤ח
springeth up
to break forth as a bud, i.e., bloom; generally, to spread; specifically, to fly (as extending the wings); figuratively, to flourish
#8
כָּרֹאשׁ֙
as hemlock
a poisonous plant, probably the poppy (from its conspicuous head); generally poison (even of serpents)
#9
מִשְׁפָּ֔ט
thus judgment
properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, ind
#10
עַ֖ל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#11
תַּלְמֵ֥י
in the furrows
a bank or terrace
#12
שָׂדָֽי׃
of the field
a field (as flat)

Analysis

This verse develops the covenant theme central to Hosea. The concept of covenant reflects the development of covenant within biblical theology. The literary structure and word choice here contribute to biblical literature contributing to the canon's theological witness, advancing the author's theological argument. The original language emphasizes careful word choice that would have carried specific theological weight for the original audience, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on covenant particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show treaty language and adoption practices from the ancient world, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection