Amos 6:12

Authorized King James Version

Shall horses run upon the rock? will one plow there with oxen? for ye have turned judgment into gall, and the fruit of righteousness into hemlock:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
הַיְרֻצ֤וּן
run
to run (for whatever reason, especially to rush)
#2
בַּסֶּ֙לַע֙
upon the rock
a craggy rock, literally or figuratively (a fortress)
#3
סוּסִ֔ים
Shall horses
a horse (as leaping)
#4
אִֽם
used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not
#5
יַחֲר֖וֹשׁ
will one plow
to scratch, i.e., (by implication) to engrave, plough; hence (from the use of tools) to fabricate (of any material); figuratively, to devise (in a bad
#6
בַּבְּקָרִ֑ים
there with oxen
a beeve or an animal of the ox family of either gender (as used for plowing); collectively, a herd
#7
כִּֽי
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#8
הֲפַכְתֶּ֤ם
for ye have turned
to turn about or over; by implication, to change, overturn, return, pervert
#9
לְרֹאשׁ֙
into gall
a poisonous plant, probably the poppy (from its conspicuous head); generally poison (even of serpents)
#10
מִשְׁפָּ֔ט
judgment
properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, ind
#11
וּפְרִ֥י
and the fruit
fruit (literally or figuratively)
#12
צְדָקָ֖ה
of righteousness
rightness (abstractly), subjectively (rectitude), objectively (justice), morally (virtue) or figuratively (prosperity)
#13
לְלַעֲנָֽה׃
into hemlock
wormwood (regarded as poisonous, and therefore accursed)

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing righteousness contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of the literary conventions and historical circumstances of biblical literature shapes this text's meaning. The historical development of salvation within the theological tradition of Amos Understanding the ancient worldview that shaped the author's theological expression helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes righteousness in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection