Exodus 7:4

Analysis & Commentary

But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments. God prophetically declares Pharaoh's resistance while revealing His sovereign purpose behind it. The phrase shall not hearken (לֹא־יִשְׁמַע, lo-yishma) uses the verb shama (שָׁמַע), meaning to hear, listen, or obey—Pharaoh will refuse to heed Moses' demands. Yet this disobedience serves divine purpose.

The crucial phrase that I may lay my hand upon Egypt reveals God's redemptive-judicial aim. The Hebrew לְמַעַן (lema'an, "that" or "in order that") indicates purpose: Pharaoh's hardness becomes the occasion for demonstrating Yahweh's power over Egypt and its gods. God's hand (יָד, yad) symbolizes His power—the same hand that would part the Red Sea, provide manna, and write the commandments. Here it executes judgment on Egypt's false gods (12:12) and liberates Israel.

Bring forth mine armies (אֶת־צִבְאֹתַי, et-tziv'otai) describes Israel as Yahweh's tzava'ot—His hosts or armies. This military language elevates Israel's identity: not merely escaped slaves but Yahweh's organized forces marching out in divine order (12:51, 13:18). The plural my people the children of Israel emphasizes covenant relationship: Israel belongs to Yahweh, not Pharaoh. Egypt's stubbornness cannot thwart God's redemptive plan.

By great judgments (בִּשְׁפָטִים גְּדֹלִים, bishphatim gedolim) anticipates the ten plagues. The noun shphatim comes from shaphat (שָׁפַט, "to judge"), indicating these weren't mere natural disasters but divine judicial sentences against Egypt's false deities. Each plague targeted specific Egyptian gods—the Nile (Hapi), the sun (Ra), etc.—revealing their impotence before Yahweh. This prefigures God's ultimate judgment on all evil and idolatry, culminating in Christ's victory over sin, death, and Satan (Colossians 2:15; Revelation 20).

Historical Context

Exodus 7 inaugurates the plague cycle (chapters 7-12), Egypt's ten judgments. Ancient Egypt was a superpower—the dominant civilization with advanced architecture, agriculture, military might, and religious sophistication. Egypt's pantheon included hundreds of deities governing natural forces, cosmic order, and daily life. Pharaoh himself was considered divine, the living incarnation of Horus and son of Ra. For Yahweh to challenge Egypt meant confronting the world's greatest power and its elaborate theological system.

The phrase "my armies" reflects ancient Near Eastern conquest narratives where gods led their people to victory. However, Israel's exodus differed radically from typical ancient warfare—Yahweh alone fought while Israel witnessed His salvation (14:13-14). The exodus became Israel's foundational narrative, shaping national identity, worship, and theology. Prophets repeatedly referenced the exodus when calling Israel to faithfulness (Jeremiah 2:6, Amos 2:10, Micah 6:4).

The statement that Pharaoh "shall not hearken" raises the theological problem of divine hardening (explored in 4:21, 7:3, 9:12, etc.). Reformed theology interprets this as God's judicial hardening of those already resistant—God gives them over to their chosen rebellion (Romans 1:24, 26, 28). Pharaoh's initial refusals were his own (7:13-14, 22-23; 8:15, 19, 32), then God confirms him in that hardness to accomplish redemptive purposes. This mysterious interplay of divine sovereignty and human responsibility appears throughout Scripture.

Questions for Reflection

• How does God's use of Pharaoh's hardness to accomplish redemption help us trust His sovereignty when people resist the gospel?
• What does Israel's identity as God's "armies" teach about the church's spiritual warfare and identity as God's people?