Luke 23:34
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Luke 23:34
34 Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots.
Chapter Context
Luke 23 is a historical gospel chapter in the New Testament that explores themes of mercy, hope, creation. Written during the late first century CE (c. 80-85 CE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Written when Christians needed to understand their place in the Roman world.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-56: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it provides essential context for understanding God's covenant relationship with His people. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Luke and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Luke 23:34
34 Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots.
Analysis
From the cross, Jesus prays: 'Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.' This prayer for His executioners demonstrates divine love's extent—forgiving those actively murdering Him. The phrase 'they know not what they do' doesn't excuse their sin but explains it—they didn't fully comprehend they were crucifying the Son of God. This prayer models Jesus' teaching to love enemies (Luke 6:27-28) and demonstrates the gospel's essence—grace for the undeserving, forgiveness for enemies, love triumphing over hate. Stephen later echoed this prayer when stoned (Acts 7:60), showing Jesus' disciples learning His love.
Historical Context
Crucifixion was Rome's most brutal execution method, reserved for slaves and rebels. Jesus' prayer while being nailed to the cross demonstrates supernatural love transcending human capability. 'They' likely includes Roman soldiers (following orders without understanding), Jewish leaders (rejecting their Messiah), and ultimately all humanity—our sins put Jesus on the cross. Peter's Pentecost sermon later emphasized that crucifiers killed 'the Prince of life' in ignorance (Acts 3:14-17), yet offered forgiveness. Jesus' prayer was answered—many crucifiers later believed (centurion, Acts 2:41). This prayer reveals grace's heart—God forgives those who don't deserve forgiveness.
Reflection
- What does Jesus' praying for His executioners' forgiveness teach about the nature of divine love and the gospel's reach?
- How does the phrase 'they know not what they do' explain human sin and God's response to our ignorance of sin's full severity?
Word Studies
- Forgive: ἀφίημι (Aphiemi) G863 - To send away, forgive, release
Cross-References
- Parallel theme: Genesis 50:17, Psalms 22:18, Isaiah 53:12, Matthew 5:44, Acts 3:17, 7:60