Exodus 22:28
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Exodus 22:28
28 Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.
Chapter Context
Exodus 22 is a narrative with legal sections chapter in the Old Testament that explores themes of hope, worship, truth. Written during the Egyptian bondage and wilderness wandering (c. 1446-1406 BCE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Egypt was the dominant superpower with a complex polytheistic religion and a god-king pharaoh.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-31: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it reveals key aspects of God's character through divine actions and declarations. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Exodus and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Exodus 22:28
28 Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.
Analysis
Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.
'Revile the gods' (אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל, Elohim lo teqallel)—'gods' is likely judges/rulers (elohim can mean God, gods, or judges; Psalm 82:6). The parallel with 'ruler' (נָשִׂיא, nasi) supports this. Paul quotes this in Acts 23:5 regarding the high priest—even corrupt authority deserves respect for office's sake. The principle: honor authority even when disagreeing. Peter and Paul command respect for governing authorities (Romans 13:1-7, 1 Peter 2:13-17). We can critique policy without cursing persons. Daniel and his friends obeyed Babylon's king when possible, disobeyed when conscience required, but never 'cursed' him.
Historical Context
The Hebrew elohim is ambiguous—can mean God, gods, judges, or rulers. Context (parallel with 'ruler') suggests judges/magistrates. Respecting authority, even flawed authority, maintains social order.
Reflection
- How can Christians balance respect for governing authorities with prophetic critique of injustice?
- What does Paul's application of this verse (Acts 23:5) teach about respecting even corrupt leaders?
Word Studies
- God: אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) H430 - God (plural of majesty)
Cross-References
- References God: Psalms 32:6, 138:1, Acts 23:3
- Evil: Acts 23:5, 2 Peter 2:10, Jude 1:8
- Curse: Exodus 21:17, Ecclesiastes 10:20
- Parallel theme: 1 Samuel 24:6, 24:10