Romans 13:12

Authorized King James Version

The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#2
νὺξ
The night
"night" (literally or figuratively)
#3
προέκοψεν
is far spent
to drive forward (as if by beating), i.e., (figuratively and intransitively) to advance (in amount, to grow; in time, to be well along)
#4
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#5
δὲ
but, and, etc
#6
ἡμέρα
the day
day, i.e., (literally) the time space between dawn and dark, or the whole 24 hours (but several days were usually reckoned by the jews as inclusive of
#7
ἤγγικεν
is at hand
to make near, i.e., (reflexively) approach
#8
ἀποθώμεθα
cast off
to put away (literally or figuratively)
#9
οὖν
therefore
(adverbially) certainly, or (conjunctionally) accordingly
#10
τὰ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#11
ἔργα
the works
toil (as an effort or occupation); by implication, an act
#12
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#13
σκότους
of darkness
shadiness, i.e., obscurity (literally or figuratively)
#14
καί
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#15
ἐνδυσώμεθα
let us put on
to invest with clothing (literally or figuratively)
#16
τὰ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#17
ὅπλα
the armour
an implement or utensil or tool (literally or figuratively, especially, offensive for war)
#18
τοῦ
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#19
φωτός
of light
luminousness (in the widest application, natural or artificial, abstract or concrete, literal or figurative)

Analysis

This verse develops the salvation theme central to Romans. The concept of divine revelation reflects justification by faith as the foundation of Christian hope. The literary structure and word choice here contribute to systematic theological exposition of the gospel, advancing the author's theological argument. The original language emphasizes careful word choice that would have carried specific theological weight for the original audience, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of Hellenistic epistolary literature with sophisticated theological argumentation shapes this text's meaning. Paul's systematic presentation built upon centuries of Jewish understanding about righteousness and divine justice Understanding a worldview shaped by both Jewish monotheism and Greco-Roman philosophical thought helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes divine revelation in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection

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