John 12:29

Authorized King James Version

The people therefore, that stood by, and heard it, said that it thundered: others said, An angel spake to him.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#2
οὖν
therefore
(adverbially) certainly, or (conjunctionally) accordingly
#3
ὄχλος
The people
a throng (as borne along); by implication, the rabble; by extension, a class of people; figuratively, a riot
#4
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#5
ἑστὼς
that stood by
to stand (transitively or intransitively), used in various applications (literally or figuratively)
#6
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#7
ἀκούσας
heard
to hear (in various senses)
#8
ἔλεγον
it said
properly, to "lay" forth, i.e., (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or set discourse; whereas g2036 and g5346 generally refer to an
#9
βροντὴν
thunder
#10
γεγονέναι
that it thundered
to cause to be ("gen"-erate), i.e., (reflexively) to become (come into being), used with great latitude (literal, figurative, intensive, etc.)
#11
ἄλλοι
others
"else," i.e., different (in many applications)
#12
ἔλεγον
it said
properly, to "lay" forth, i.e., (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or set discourse; whereas g2036 and g5346 generally refer to an
#13
Ἄγγελος
G32
An angel
compare g0034) (to bring tidings); a messenger; especially an "angel"; by implication, a pastor
#14
αὐτῷ
to him
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#15
λελάληκεν
spake
to talk, i.e., utter words

Analysis

The divine love theme here intersects with God's covenantal faithfulness demonstrated throughout salvation history. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation from covenant love in the Old Testament to agape love in the New. The phrase emphasizing covenant community contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about hesed in the Old Testament and agape in the New Testament.

Historical Context

The historical context of the late first century during increasing tension between synagogue and church provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The late first-century Jewish-Christian tensions and Hellenistic thought would have shaped how the original audience understood covenant community. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection

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