Isaiah 1:23

Authorized King James Version

Thy princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves: every one loveth gifts, and followeth after rewards: they judge not the fatherless, neither doth the cause of the widow come unto them.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
שָׂרַ֣יִךְ
Thy princes
a head person (of any rank or class)
#2
סוֹרְרִ֗ים
are rebellious
to turn away, i.e., (morally) be refractory
#3
וְחַבְרֵי֙
and companions
an associate
#4
גַּנָּבִ֔ים
of thieves
a stealer
#5
כֻּלּוֹ֙
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#6
אֹהֵ֣ב
every one loveth
to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)
#7
שֹׁ֔חַד
gifts
a donation (venal or redemptive)
#8
וְרֹדֵ֖ף
and followeth
to run after (usually with hostile intent; figuratively [of time] gone by)
#9
שַׁלְמֹנִ֑ים
after rewards
a bribe
#10
יָתוֹם֙
not the fatherless
a bereaved person
#11
לֹ֣א
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
#12
יִשְׁפֹּ֔טוּ
they judge
to judge, i.e., pronounce sentence (for or against); by implication, to vindicate or punish; by extenssion, to govern; passively, to litigate (literal
#13
וְרִ֥יב
neither doth the cause
a contest (personal or legal)
#14
אַלְמָנָ֖ה
of the widow
a widow; also a desolate place
#15
לֹֽא
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
#16
יָב֥וֹא
come
to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
#17
אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃
near, with or among; often in general, to

Analysis

This verse develops the salvation theme central to Isaiah. The concept of love reflects the development of salvation within biblical theology. The emotional and relational language employed here is characteristic of biblical literature contributing to the canon's theological witness, emphasizing the personal nature of divine-human relationship. The original language emphasizes agape in Greek contexts or hesed in Hebrew, indicating covenantal loyalty, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

The historical context of the biblical period relevant to this book's composition provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The the cultural context of the biblical world would have shaped how the original audience understood love. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection

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