Exodus 28:21

Authorized King James Version

And the stones shall be with the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a signet; every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve tribes.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
וְ֠הָֽאֲבָנִים
H68
And the stones
a stone
#2
תִּֽהְיֶ֜יןָ
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#3
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#4
שְׁמ֔וֹ
according to their names
an appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character
#5
בְּנֵֽי
of the children
a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or
#6
יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל
of Israel
he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
#7
לִשְׁנֵ֥י
shall they be according to the twelve
two; also (as ordinal) twofold
#8
עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה
ten (only in combination), i.e., -teen; also (ordinal) -teenth
#9
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#10
שְׁמ֔וֹ
according to their names
an appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character
#11
פִּתּוּחֵ֤י
like the engravings
sculpture (in low or high relief or even intaglio)
#12
חוֹתָם֙
of a signet
a signature-ring
#13
אִ֣ישׁ
every one
a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
#14
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#15
שְׁמ֔וֹ
according to their names
an appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character
#16
תִּֽהְיֶ֕יןָ
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#17
לִשְׁנֵ֥י
shall they be according to the twelve
two; also (as ordinal) twofold
#18
עָשָׂ֖ר
ten (only in combination), i.e., -teen; also (ordinal) -teenth
#19
שָֽׁבֶט׃
tribes
a scion, i.e., (literally) a stick (for punishing, writing, fighting, ruling, walking, etc.) or (figuratively) a clan

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

The historical context of the period of Egyptian bondage and wilderness wandering (c. 1440-1400 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The the cultural context of the biblical world would have shaped how the original audience understood divine revelation. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection

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