Matthew 5:21
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Matthew 5:21
21 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:
Chapter Context
Matthew 5 is a ethical teaching chapter in the New Testament that explores themes of obedience, righteousness, prayer. Written during the late first century CE (c. 80-90 CE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Written when Christianity was separating from Judaism following Jerusalem's destruction.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-48: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it presents Jesus' ethical teaching in the Sermon on the Mount. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Matthew and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Matthew 5:21
21 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:
Analysis
Jesus begins six antitheses contrasting superficial interpretations of the Law with His authoritative explanation. Murder was rightly condemned, but Jesus exposes the root sin: sinful anger. The Law addressed external actions; Jesus addresses internal attitudes that produce those actions.
Historical Context
The Sixth Commandment prohibited murder, and Jewish courts could execute murderers. However, the religious system focused on the act itself, often missing the heart attitudes that led to violence. Jesus refocuses attention on the source of sin.
Reflection
- How does unresolved anger function as 'heart murder' even without physical violence?
- What anger are you harboring that needs to be confessed and resolved?
Word Studies
- Judgment: κρίσις (Krisis) G2920 - Judgment, decision
Cross-References
- Judgment: Numbers 35:12
- Parallel theme: Matthew 5:27, 5:33, 5:38, 5:43, Exodus 20:13, Deuteronomy 5:17