Matthew 21:40
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Matthew 21:40
40 When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen?
Chapter Context
Matthew 21 is a biographical gospel chapter in the New Testament that explores themes of covenant, mercy, redemption. Written during the late first century CE (c. 80-90 CE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Written when Christianity was separating from Judaism following Jerusalem's destruction.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-46: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it offers practical wisdom for godly living in a fallen world. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Matthew and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Matthew 21:40
40 When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen?
Analysis
When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen?—Jesus makes His hearers pronounce judgment on themselves. ὅταν οὖν ἔλθῃ ὁ κύριος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος (hotan oun elthē ho kyrios tou ampelōnos)—'when therefore the lord of the vineyard comes'—assumes certain return and reckoning.
The question forces application: τί ποιήσει τοῖς γεωργοῖς ἐκείνοις (ti poiēsei tois geōrgois ekeinois)—'what will he do to those farmers?' By making them answer, Jesus implicates them in their own condemnation. They cannot claim ignorance or injustice—their own mouths will testify that judgment is deserved. This rhetorical technique exposes conscience while teaching truth.
Historical Context
Parables functioned as prophetic traps. Nathan used this technique with David (2 Sam 12:1-7)—telling a story that made David pronounce judgment on himself. Jesus's hearers understood the vineyard represented Israel (Isa 5:7), yet still answered truthfully, condemning themselves.
Reflection
- What does the certainty of the owner's return ('when', not 'if') teach about Christ's second coming and accountability?
- How might God be using your own judgment of others' sin to expose identical patterns in your heart (Rom 2:1)?
Word Studies
- Lord: Κύριος (Kurios) G2962 - Lord, Master
Cross-References
- References Lord: Mark 12:9
- Parallel theme: Hebrews 10:29