Proverbs 18:23

Analysis & Commentary

This proverb starkly contrasts communication styles of the poor and rich. 'The poor useth intreaties' (תַּחֲנוּנִים/tachanumim, supplications/pleas)—speaking humbly, appealing for favor and mercy. 'The rich answereth roughly' (עַזּוֹת/azzot, harshly/fiercely)—speaking with arrogance and contempt. The observation is descriptive, not prescriptive—depicting fallen human behavior, not God's approval. Wealth often breeds pride and insensitivity; poverty often necessitates humility. James confronts this dynamic: 'Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats?' (James 2:6). He condemns partiality that honors the rich while despising the poor (James 2:1-4). Jesus reversed these values: 'Blessed are the poor in spirit' (Matthew 5:3) and 'woe unto you that are rich!' (Luke 6:24). The incarnation itself demonstrates God's character—though infinitely rich, Christ 'became poor, that ye through his poverty might be rich' (2 Corinthians 8:9). Believers must resist the world's pattern, treating all people with dignity regardless of economic status (James 2:9).

Historical Context

Ancient Near Eastern societies were hierarchical. Kings, nobles, and wealthy landowners exercised power over peasants, laborers, and slaves. The poor had minimal legal recourse against oppression. Job lamented: 'The poor of the earth hide themselves together' (Job 24:4). Prophets repeatedly condemned the rich for crushing the poor (Amos 8:4-6; Isaiah 3:14-15; Micah 2:2). However, the law protected the poor: prohibiting partiality in judgment (Exodus 23:3; Leviticus 19:15), requiring generous lending (Deuteronomy 15:7-11), and commanding provision for the vulnerable (Deuteronomy 24:19-21). Jesus's ministry prioritized the marginalized—'the poor have the gospel preached to them' (Luke 7:22). The early church demonstrated radical economic sharing (Acts 2:44-45; 4:32-35), and Paul organized relief offerings for impoverished believers (2 Corinthians 8-9).

Questions for Reflection

• How does your speech reflect humility or arrogance, especially toward those with less power or resources?
• In what ways does wealth—or the pursuit of it—tempt you toward insensitivity or contempt for others?
• How can you imitate Christ's voluntary poverty and humble speech in a culture obsessed with status and self-promotion?