Lamentations 1:5

Authorized King James Version

Her adversaries are the chief, her enemies prosper; for the LORD hath afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: her children are gone into captivity before the enemy.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
הָי֨וּ
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#2
צָֽר׃
Her adversaries
a pebble (as in h6864)
#3
לְרֹאשׁ֙
are the chief
the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
#4
אֹיְבֶ֣יהָ
her enemies
hating; an adversary
#5
שָׁל֔וּ
prosper
to be tranquil, i.e., secure or successful
#6
כִּֽי
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#7
יְהוָ֥ה
for the LORD
(the) self-existent or eternal; jeho-vah, jewish national name of god
#8
הוֹגָ֖הּ
hath afflicted
to grieve
#9
עַ֣ל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#10
רֹב
her for the multitude
abundance (in any respect)
#11
פְּשָׁעֶ֑יהָ
of her transgressions
a revolt (national, moral or religious)
#12
עוֹלָלֶ֛יהָ
her children
a suckling
#13
הָלְכ֥וּ
are gone
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
#14
שְׁבִ֖י
into captivity
exiled; captured; as noun, exile (abstractly or concretely and collectively); by extension, booty
#15
לִפְנֵי
before
the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposi
#16
צָֽר׃
Her adversaries
a pebble (as in h6864)

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine sovereignty contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection