Joel 1:18

Authorized King James Version

How do the beasts groan! the herds of cattle are perplexed, because they have no pasture; yea, the flocks of sheep are made desolate.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
מַה
properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and
#2
נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה
groan
to sigh
#3
בְהֵמָ֗ה
How do the beasts
properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)
#4
נָבֹ֙כוּ֙
are perplexed
to involve (literally or figuratively)
#5
עֶדְרֵ֥י
the herds
an arrangement, i.e., muster (of animals)
#6
בָקָ֔ר
of cattle
a beeve or an animal of the ox family of either gender (as used for plowing); collectively, a herd
#7
כִּ֛י
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#8
אֵ֥ין
a nonentity; generally used as a negative particle
#9
מִרְעֶ֖ה
because they have no pasture
pasture (the place or the act); also the haunt of wild animals
#10
לָהֶ֑ם
they (only used when emphatic)
#11
גַּם
properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and
#12
עֶדְרֵ֥י
the herds
an arrangement, i.e., muster (of animals)
#13
הַצֹּ֖אן
of sheep
a collective name for a flock (of sheep or goats); also figuratively (of men)
#14
נֶאְשָֽׁמוּ׃
are made desolate
to be guilty; by implication to be punished or perish

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of the literary conventions and historical circumstances of biblical literature shapes this text's meaning. The historical development of salvation within the theological tradition of Joel Understanding the ancient worldview that shaped the author's theological expression helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes divine revelation in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection