Hosea 4:13

Authorized King James Version

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They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery.

Original Language Analysis

עַל H5921
עַל
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 1 of 20
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
רָאשֵׁ֨י upon the tops H7218
רָאשֵׁ֨י upon the tops
Strong's: H7218
Word #: 2 of 20
the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
הֶהָרִ֜ים of the mountains H2022
הֶהָרִ֜ים of the mountains
Strong's: H2022
Word #: 3 of 20
a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)
יְזַבֵּ֗חוּ They sacrifice H2076
יְזַבֵּ֗חוּ They sacrifice
Strong's: H2076
Word #: 4 of 20
to slaughter an animal (usually in sacrifice)
וְעַל H5921
וְעַל
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 5 of 20
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
הַגְּבָעוֹת֙ upon the hills H1389
הַגְּבָעוֹת֙ upon the hills
Strong's: H1389
Word #: 6 of 20
a hillock
יְקַטֵּ֔רוּ and burn incense H6999
יְקַטֵּ֔רוּ and burn incense
Strong's: H6999
Word #: 7 of 20
to smoke, i.e., turn into fragrance by fire (especially as an act of worship)
תַּ֣חַת H8478
תַּ֣חַת
Strong's: H8478
Word #: 8 of 20
the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc
אַלּ֧וֹן under oaks H437
אַלּ֧וֹן under oaks
Strong's: H437
Word #: 9 of 20
oak tree
וְלִבְנֶ֛ה and poplars H3839
וְלִבְנֶ֛ה and poplars
Strong's: H3839
Word #: 10 of 20
some sort of whitish tree, perhaps the storax
וְאֵלָ֖ה and elms H424
וְאֵלָ֖ה and elms
Strong's: H424
Word #: 11 of 20
an oak or other strong tree
כִּ֣י H3588
כִּ֣י
Strong's: H3588
Word #: 12 of 20
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
ט֣וֹב thereof is good H2896
ט֣וֹב thereof is good
Strong's: H2896
Word #: 13 of 20
good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good
צִלָּ֑הּ because the shadow H6738
צִלָּ֑הּ because the shadow
Strong's: H6738
Word #: 14 of 20
shade, whether literal or figurative
עַל H5921
עַל
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 15 of 20
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
כֵּ֗ן H3651
כֵּ֗ן
Strong's: H3651
Word #: 16 of 20
properly, set upright; hence (figuratively as adjective) just; but usually (as adverb or conjunction) rightly or so (in various applications to manner
תִּזְנֶ֙ינָה֙ shall commit whoredom H2181
תִּזְנֶ֙ינָה֙ shall commit whoredom
Strong's: H2181
Word #: 17 of 20
to commit adultery (usually of the female, and less often of simple fornication, rarely of involuntary ravishment); figuratively, to commit idolatry (
בְּנ֣וֹתֵיכֶ֔ם therefore your daughters H1323
בְּנ֣וֹתֵיכֶ֔ם therefore your daughters
Strong's: H1323
Word #: 18 of 20
a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)
וְכַלּוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם and your spouses H3618
וְכַלּוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם and your spouses
Strong's: H3618
Word #: 19 of 20
a bride (as if perfect); hence, a son's wife
תְּנָאַֽפְנָה׃ shall commit adultery H5003
תְּנָאַֽפְנָה׃ shall commit adultery
Strong's: H5003
Word #: 20 of 20
to commit adultery; figuratively, to apostatize

Analysis & Commentary

Mountain shrine immorality: 'They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery.' High place worship (בָּמוֹת, bamot), condemned throughout Scripture, combined false worship with immorality. The pleasant shade under trees provided setting for ritual prostitution. The ironic reversal: fathers' false worship produces daughters' prostitution, husbands' idolatry results in wives' adultery. Sin begets sin generationally. The phrase 'because the shadow thereof is good' (כִּי־טוֹב צִלָּהּ, ki-tov tsillah) suggests seeking comfort/pleasure in wrong places. Worship must be where God ordains (Deuteronomy 12:2-7), not where humans prefer. Christ fulfills this: true worshipers worship in Spirit and truth, not at particular locations (John 4:21-24).

Historical Context

High places (elevated worship sites) were central to Canaanite Baal worship. Though sometimes initially legitimate (pre-temple Israelite worship occurred at high places), they became associated with syncretism and paganism. The specific trees mentioned—oak (אֵלָה, elah), poplar (לִבְנֶה, livneh), elm/terebinth (אֵלוֹן, elon)—were sacred in Canaanite religion. Archaeological evidence shows these sites throughout ancient Israel, often with Asherah poles and standing stones. The connection between parents' false worship and children's immorality reflects covenant curse patterns: generational consequences of covenant breach (Exodus 20:5). Yet God's promise is greater mercy to those who love Him to thousands of generations (Exodus 20:6).

Questions for Reflection