Hosea 4:13

Authorized King James Version

They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#2
רָאשֵׁ֨י
upon the tops
the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
#3
הֶהָרִ֜ים
of the mountains
a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)
#4
יְזַבֵּ֗חוּ
They sacrifice
to slaughter an animal (usually in sacrifice)
#5
וְעַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#6
הַגְּבָעוֹת֙
upon the hills
a hillock
#7
יְקַטֵּ֔רוּ
and burn incense
to smoke, i.e., turn into fragrance by fire (especially as an act of worship)
#8
תַּ֣חַת
the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc
#9
אַלּ֧וֹן
under oaks
oak tree
#10
וְלִבְנֶ֛ה
and poplars
some sort of whitish tree, perhaps the storax
#11
וְאֵלָ֖ה
and elms
an oak or other strong tree
#12
כִּ֣י
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#13
ט֣וֹב
thereof is good
good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good
#14
צִלָּ֑הּ
because the shadow
shade, whether literal or figurative
#15
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#16
כֵּ֗ן
properly, set upright; hence (figuratively as adjective) just; but usually (as adverb or conjunction) rightly or so (in various applications to manner
#17
תִּזְנֶ֙ינָה֙
shall commit whoredom
to commit adultery (usually of the female, and less often of simple fornication, rarely of involuntary ravishment); figuratively, to commit idolatry (
#18
בְּנ֣וֹתֵיכֶ֔ם
therefore your daughters
a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)
#19
וְכַלּוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם
and your spouses
a bride (as if perfect); hence, a son's wife
#20
תְּנָאַֽפְנָה׃
shall commit adultery
to commit adultery; figuratively, to apostatize

Analysis

Within the broader context of Hosea, this passage highlights salvation through universal language and absolute statements. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Hosea.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of the literary conventions and historical circumstances of biblical literature shapes this text's meaning. The historical development of salvation within the theological tradition of Hosea Understanding the ancient worldview that shaped the author's theological expression helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes divine revelation in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection