Hosea 12:1

Authorized King James Version

Ephraim feedeth on wind, and followeth after the east wind: he daily increaseth lies and desolation; and they do make a covenant with the Assyrians, and oil is carried into Egypt.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
אֶפְרַ֜יִם
Ephraim
ephrajim, a son of joseph; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory
#2
רֹעֶ֥ה
feedeth
to tend a flock; i.e., pasture it; intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively); generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a frie
#3
ר֙וּחַ֙
on wind
wind; by resemblance breath, i.e., a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the
#4
וְרֹדֵ֣ף
and followeth
to run after (usually with hostile intent; figuratively [of time] gone by)
#5
קָדִ֔ים
after the east wind
the fore or front part; hence (by orientation) the east (often adverbially, eastward, for brevity the east wind)
#6
כָּל
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#7
הַיּ֕וֹם
he daily
a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an asso
#8
כָּזָ֥ב
lies
falsehood; literally (untruth) or figuratively (idol)
#9
וָשֹׁ֖ד
and desolation
violence, ravage
#10
יַרְבֶּ֑ה
increaseth
to increase (in whatever respect)
#11
וּבְרִית֙
a covenant
a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)
#12
עִם
adverb or preposition, with (i.e., in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then
#13
אַשּׁ֣וּר
with the Assyrians
ashshur, the second son of shem; also his descendants and the country occupied by them (i.e., assyria), its region and its empire
#14
יִכְרֹ֔תוּ
and they do make
to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutt
#15
וְשֶׁ֖מֶן
and oil
grease, especially liquid (as from the olive, often perfumed); figuratively, richness
#16
לְמִצְרַ֥יִם
into Egypt
mitsrajim, i.e., upper and lower egypt
#17
יוּבָֽל׃
is carried
properly, to flow; causatively, to bring (especially with pomp)

Analysis

This verse develops the covenant theme central to Hosea. The concept of covenant reflects the development of covenant within biblical theology. The literary structure and word choice here contribute to biblical literature contributing to the canon's theological witness, advancing the author's theological argument. The original language emphasizes careful word choice that would have carried specific theological weight for the original audience, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

The historical context of the biblical period relevant to this book's composition provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The the cultural context of the biblical world would have shaped how the original audience understood covenant. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection