Exodus 34:28

Authorized King James Version

And he was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
וַֽיְהִי
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#2
שָׁ֣ם
there (transferring to time) then; often thither, or thence
#3
עִם
adverb or preposition, with (i.e., in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then
#4
יְהוָ֗ה
And he was there with the LORD
(the) self-existent or eternal; jeho-vah, jewish national name of god
#5
וְאַרְבָּעִ֣ים
and forty
forty
#6
יוֹם֙
days
a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an asso
#7
וְאַרְבָּעִ֣ים
and forty
forty
#8
לַ֔יְלָה
nights
properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e., night; figuratively, adversity
#9
לֶ֚חֶם
bread
food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)
#10
לֹ֣א
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
#11
אָכַ֔ל
he did neither eat
to eat (literally or figuratively)
#12
וּמַ֖יִם
water
water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen
#13
לֹ֣א
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
#14
שָׁתָ֑ה
nor drink
to imbibe (literally or figuratively)
#15
וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב
And he wrote
to grave, by implication, to write (describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe)
#16
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#17
הַלֻּחֹ֗ת
upon the tables
probably meaning to glisten; a tablet (as polished), of stone, wood or metal
#18
אֵ֚ת
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
#19
הַדְּבָרִֽים׃
commandments
a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
#20
הַבְּרִ֔ית
of the covenant
a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)
#21
עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת
the ten
ten (as an accumulation to the extent of the digits)
#22
הַדְּבָרִֽים׃
commandments
a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause

Analysis

Within the broader context of Exodus, this passage highlights covenant through simile or metaphorical language. The theological weight of covenant connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about covenant, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Exodus.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on covenant particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show treaty language and adoption practices from the ancient world, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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