Exodus 12:45
A foreigner and an hired servant shall not eat thereof.
Original Language Analysis
תּוֹשָׁ֥ב
A foreigner
H8453
תּוֹשָׁ֥ב
A foreigner
Strong's:
H8453
Word #:
1 of 5
a dweller but not outlandish [h5237]; especially (as distinguished from a native citizen [active participle of h3427] and a temporary inmate [h1616] o
וְשָׂכִ֖יר
and an hired servant
H7916
וְשָׂכִ֖יר
and an hired servant
Strong's:
H7916
Word #:
2 of 5
a man who is hired by the day or year
לֹא
H3808
לֹא
Strong's:
H3808
Word #:
3 of 5
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
Historical Context
Ancient Israel distinguished between resident aliens with permanent status and temporary workers. Only those demonstrating lasting commitment to YHWH gained full covenant privileges.
Questions for Reflection
- How does restricting participation to committed members challenge modern 'open table' practices in churches?
- What does requiring permanent commitment before covenant meals teach about the seriousness of sacred fellowship?
Related Resources
Explore related topics, people, and study resources to deepen your understanding of this passage.
Analysis & Commentary
The exclusion of 'foreigner' (toshav, תּוֹשָׁב—temporary resident) and 'hired servant' (sachir, שָׂכִיר—day laborer) distinguishes between committed covenant members and those temporarily present. These categories lacked permanent commitment to Israel and thus couldn't participate in covenant meals. The principle: covenant privileges require covenant membership. Casual association doesn't grant sacramental participation.