Deuteronomy 33:15
And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills,
Original Language Analysis
Cross References
Historical Context
Joseph's territories included significant mountainous regions, particularly the central highlands of Ephraim. This terrain, while defensively advantageous, required extensive terracing for agriculture—labor-intensive but producing superior wine and oil. The hill country's stone was excellent for construction, evidenced by substantial Iron Age remains at Samaria, Shechem, and Tirzah.
Manasseh's territory included Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal (blessing and curse mountains, Deuteronomy 27), plus portions of the Gilead highlands east of Jordan. Gilead's mountainous regions produced valuable resources including the famous "balm of Gilead," possibly mastic resin or balsam, exported internationally (Genesis 37:25, Jeremiah 46:11).
The blessing's emphasis on permanence proved ironic given Ephraim's later apostasy and exile. Despite blessed territory, covenant unfaithfulness resulted in dispossession (2 Kings 17:5-23). The "ancient mountains" remained, but inhabitants were removed. This demonstrates that land blessing depends on covenant obedience—God's gifts don't nullify His justice. The principle applies to the church: visible blessings and heritage don't guarantee continued favor without faithfulness. Christ's words to Ephesus, "Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent" (Revelation 2:5), warn against presuming upon past blessing.
Questions for Reflection
- How do 'ancient mountains' and 'lasting hills' serve as metaphors for God's unchanging faithfulness?
- What's the relationship between receiving enduring blessing and maintaining covenant faithfulness?
- How can material/geographical advantages become sources of spiritual presumption if divorced from obedience?
- In what ways does the permanence of creation testify to God's eternal nature and reliable promises?
- How should believers balance gratitude for physical/material blessings with prioritizing eternal, spiritual inheritance?
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Analysis & Commentary
And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills. Moses shifts from cyclical blessings (seasons, sun, moon) to geological permanence. Rosh (רֹאשׁ, "chief/head") modifies harerê-qedem (הַרְרֵי־קֶדֶם, "mountains of antiquity"), while meged (מֶגֶד, "precious") again describes giv'ôth ôlâm (גִּבְעוֹת עוֹלָם, "everlasting hills").
The "ancient mountains" and "lasting hills" convey immemorial stability—geological features predating human history, witnessing God's faithfulness across generations. Practically, mountainous terrain provided:
Theologically, ancient mountains symbolize God's eternal covenant faithfulness.
Psalm 90:2 declares, "Before the mountains were brought forth... from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God." Habakkuk 3:6 describes God whose "ways are everlasting," causing "perpetual hills" to bow. The blessing promises resources as enduring as creation itself—not temporary windfall but sustainable inheritance. This points ultimately to believers' "inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven" (1 Peter 1:4).