Deuteronomy 20:19

Authorized King James Version

When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
כִּֽי
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#2
תָצ֣וּר
When thou shalt besiege
to cramp, i.e., confine (in many applications, literally and figuratively, formative or hostile)
#3
אֶל
near, with or among; often in general, to
#4
עִיר֩
a city
a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)
#5
יָמִ֨ים
time
a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an asso
#6
רַבִּ֜ים
a long
abundant (in quantity, size, age, number, rank, quality)
#7
לְֽהִלָּחֵ֧ם
in making war
to feed on; figuratively, to consume
#8
עָלֶ֣יהָ
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#9
לְתָפְשָׂ֗הּ
against it to take
to manipulate, i.e., seize; chiefly to capture, wield, specifically, to overlay; figuratively, to use unwarrantably
#10
לֹֽא
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
#11
תַשְׁחִ֤ית
it thou shalt not destroy
to decay, i.e., (causatively) ruin (literally or figuratively)
#12
אֶת
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
#13
עֵ֣ץ
for the tree
a tree (from its firmness); hence, wood (plural sticks)
#14
לִנְדֹּ֤חַ
thereof by forcing
to push off; used in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively (to expel, mislead, strike, inflict, etc.)
#15
עָלָיו֙
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#16
גַּרְזֶ֔ן
an axe
an axe
#17
כִּ֚י
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#18
מִמֶּ֣נּוּ
properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses
#19
תֹאכֵ֔ל
against them for thou mayest eat
to eat (literally or figuratively)
#20
וְאֹת֖וֹ
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
#21
לֹ֣א
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
#22
תִכְרֹ֑ת
of them and thou shalt not cut them down
to cut (off, down or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutt
#23
כִּ֤י
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#24
הָֽאָדָם֙
is man's
ruddy i.e., a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
#25
עֵ֣ץ
for the tree
a tree (from its firmness); hence, wood (plural sticks)
#26
הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה
of the field
a field (as flat)
#27
לָבֹ֥א
life to employ
to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
#28
מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ
them in the siege
the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposi
#29
בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃
something hemming in, i.e., (objectively) a mound (of besiegers), (abstractly) a siege, (figuratively) distress; or (subjectively) a fastness

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing life contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

Related Resources

Explore related topics, people, and study resources to deepen your understanding of this passage.

Study Resources