Proverbs 18:23
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Proverbs 18:23
23 The poor useth intreaties; but the rich answereth roughly.
Chapter Context
Proverbs 18 is a wisdom sayings chapter in the Old Testament that explores themes of love, wisdom, judgment. Written during primarily Solomon's reign (c. 970-930 BCE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature was common in royal courts for training officials.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-24: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it provides essential context for understanding God's covenant relationship with His people. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Proverbs and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Proverbs 18:23
23 The poor useth intreaties; but the rich answereth roughly.
Analysis
This proverb starkly contrasts communication styles of the poor and rich. 'The poor useth intreaties' (תַּחֲנוּנִים/tachanumim, supplications/pleas)—speaking humbly, appealing for favor and mercy. 'The rich answereth roughly' (עַזּוֹת/azzot, harshly/fiercely)—speaking with arrogance and contempt. The observation is descriptive, not prescriptive—depicting fallen human behavior, not God's approval. Wealth often breeds pride and insensitivity; poverty often necessitates humility. James confronts this dynamic: 'Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats?' (James 2:6). He condemns partiality that honors the rich while despising the poor (James 2:1-4). Jesus reversed these values: 'Blessed are the poor in spirit' (Matthew 5:3) and 'woe unto you that are rich!' (Luke 6:24). The incarnation itself demonstrates God's character—though infinitely rich, Christ 'became poor, that ye through his poverty might be rich' (2 Corinthians 8:9). Believers must resist the world's pattern, treating all people with dignity regardless of economic status (James 2:9).
Historical Context
Ancient Near Eastern societies were hierarchical. Kings, nobles, and wealthy landowners exercised power over peasants, laborers, and slaves. The poor had minimal legal recourse against oppression. Job lamented: 'The poor of the earth hide themselves together' (Job 24:4). Prophets repeatedly condemned the rich for crushing the poor (Amos 8:4-6; Isaiah 3:14-15; Micah 2:2). However, the law protected the poor: prohibiting partiality in judgment (Exodus 23:3; Leviticus 19:15), requiring generous lending (Deuteronomy 15:7-11), and commanding provision for the vulnerable (Deuteronomy 24:19-21). Jesus's ministry prioritized the marginalized—'the poor have the gospel preached to them' (Luke 7:22). The early church demonstrated radical economic sharing (Acts 2:44-45; 4:32-35), and Paul organized relief offerings for impoverished believers (2 Corinthians 8-9).
Reflection
- How does your speech reflect humility or arrogance, especially toward those with less power or resources?
- In what ways does wealth—or the pursuit of it—tempt you toward insensitivity or contempt for others?
- How can you imitate Christ's voluntary poverty and humble speech in a culture obsessed with status and self-promotion?
Cross-References
- Parallel theme: James 2:3