Psalms 148:9

Authorized King James Version

Mountains, and all hills; fruitful trees, and all cedars:

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
הֶהָרִ֥ים
Mountains
a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)
#2
וְכָל
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#3
גְּבָע֑וֹת
and all hills
a hillock
#4
עֵ֥ץ
trees
a tree (from its firmness); hence, wood (plural sticks)
#5
פְּ֝רִ֗י
fruitful
fruit (literally or figuratively)
#6
וְכָל
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#7
אֲרָזִֽים׃
and all cedars
a cedar tree (from the tenacity of its roots)

Analysis

Within the broader context of Psalms, this passage highlights worship and praise through universal language and absolute statements. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Psalms.

Historical Context

The historical context of the monarchic period, particularly David's reign (c. 1000-970 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Israelite monarchy with its temple worship, court life, and constant military threats created the liturgical and emotional context for these prayers and praises. The ancient Israelite worship practices and court culture would have shaped how the original audience understood divine revelation. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Temple archaeology and ancient musical instruments illuminate the liturgical context of Israelite worship.

Questions for Reflection