Psalms 148:10
Beasts, and all cattle; creeping things, and flying fowl:
Original Language Analysis
הַֽחַיָּ֥ה
Beasts
H2416
הַֽחַיָּ֥ה
Beasts
Strong's:
H2416
Word #:
1 of 6
alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or livin
וְכָל
H3605
וְכָל
Strong's:
H3605
Word #:
2 of 6
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
בְּהֵמָ֑ה
and all cattle
H929
בְּהֵמָ֑ה
and all cattle
Strong's:
H929
Word #:
3 of 6
properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)
Historical Context
Ancient Israelites lived in close proximity to animals—shepherding flocks, using oxen for plowing, observing wildlife. Levitical law distinguished clean and unclean animals (Leviticus 11), regulated animal sacrifice, and mandated Sabbath rest for livestock (Exodus 23:12). Yet all animals, regardless of ceremonial status, are here called to praise. This universal inclusion reflects Genesis 1's affirmation that God saw all creation—including animals—as "very good" (Genesis 1:31). Noah's ark preserved animals alongside humans, and God's covenant after the flood included "every living creature" (Genesis 9:10).
Questions for Reflection
- How does recognizing animals as participants in cosmic worship affect Christian understanding of creation care and environmental stewardship?
- In what ways do animals 'praise' God through instinctive behavior, and what can believers learn from observing this?
- How does the inclusion of all creatures (wild beasts, cattle, reptiles, birds) in worship point to the comprehensive scope of God's creative and redemptive purposes?
Analysis & Commentary
Beasts, and all cattle; creeping things, and flying fowl: The summons to praise extends to the animal kingdom, using four categories that recall Genesis 1:24-25's creation taxonomy. "Beasts" (chayah, חַיָּה) refers to wild animals, while "all cattle" (vekhol behemah, וְכָל־בְּהֵמָה) designates domesticated livestock. "Creeping things" (remes, רֶמֶשׂ) includes reptiles, insects, and small ground creatures. "Flying fowl" (tzippor kanaf, צִפּוֹר כָּנָף, literally "bird of wing") encompasses all birds.
This comprehensive catalog emphasizes that every category of animate life owes existence to the Creator and participates in cosmic praise. Animals praise God by fulfilling their created design—lions hunt (demonstrating strength God gave them, Psalm 104:21), birds sing (displaying beauty in God's design), livestock serve (showing usefulness in creation's order). Romans 8:19-22 declares creation itself "groaneth and travaileth" awaiting redemption, suggesting even non-rational creatures participate in longing for restoration.
Jesus pointed to animals as theological teachers: "Consider the ravens" (Luke 12:24), "Behold the fowls of the air" (Matthew 6:26). Animals trust God's provision instinctively; humans must learn this trust consciously. The inclusion of animals in cosmic praise foreshadows Isaiah's vision of peaceable kingdom where "the wolf also shall dwell with the lamb" (Isaiah 11:6) and Revelation's new creation where redeemed humans join all creatures in worship (Revelation 5:13).