Psalms 148:11
Kings of the earth, and all people; princes, and all judges of the earth:
Original Language Analysis
וְכָל
H3605
וְכָל
Strong's:
H3605
Word #:
3 of 8
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
וְכָל
H3605
וְכָל
Strong's:
H3605
Word #:
6 of 8
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
Historical Context
Israel's history involved interaction with many kingdoms—Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome. Some rulers showed respect for Yahweh (Cyrus, who decreed temple rebuilding); others persecuted His people (Antiochus Epiphanes). Post-exilic Judaism lived under foreign rule (Persian, then Greek, then Roman), making this call for kings to worship Yahweh particularly poignant—it asserted that even Gentile rulers owed allegiance to Israel's God. This anticipates the Great Commission's call to "make disciples of all nations" (Matthew 28:19) and prophecies of nations streaming to Zion (Isaiah 2:2-3).
Questions for Reflection
- How does this verse challenge contemporary ideas about separation of church and state or religion's role in public life?
- What does it mean for political leaders today to 'praise the LORD,' and how should Christians pray for those in authority?
- In what ways does recognizing Christ as 'King of kings' affect how believers relate to earthly governments and legal systems?
Analysis & Commentary
Kings of the earth, and all people; princes, and all judges of the earth: The psalm's summons climaxes with humanity, specifically addressing political leadership. The Hebrew pairs rulers and subjects: "kings of the earth" (malkhei-eretz, מַלְכֵי־אֶרֶץ) and "princes" (sarin, שָׂרִים, leaders or officials), alongside "all people" (vekhol le'ummim, וְכָל־לְאֻמִּים, all nations/peoples) and "all judges of the earth" (vekhol shophetei aretz, וְכָל־שֹׁפְטֵי אָרֶץ).
This is politically subversive. Earthly rulers often demand worship, claiming divine status (Pharaoh, Nebuchadnezzar, Roman emperors). The psalmist declares even the most powerful monarchs are themselves worshipers, subordinate to Yahweh. Psalm 2:10-12 warns kings: "Be wise... Kiss the Son, lest he be angry." Daniel 4 records Nebuchadnezzar's humbling, forced to acknowledge "the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men" (Daniel 4:25, 32).
The inclusion of "all judges" emphasizes accountability—those who render verdicts will themselves be judged. Romans 13:1 declares "there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God." Earthly authority is delegated, not inherent. Revelation 19:16 depicts Christ as "KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS"—every earthly throne is subject to His ultimate kingship. Political leaders who refuse to worship God face judgment; those who acknowledge Him fulfill their created purpose.