Hosea 10:11

Authorized King James Version

And Ephraim is as an heifer that is taught, and loveth to tread out the corn; but I passed over upon her fair neck: I will make Ephraim to ride; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break his clods.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙
And Ephraim
ephrajim, a son of joseph; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory
#2
עֶגְלָ֤ה
is as an heifer
a (female) calf, especially one nearly grown (i.e., a heifer)
#3
מְלֻמָּדָה֙
that is taught
properly, to goad, i.e., (by implication) to teach (the rod being an middle eastern incentive)
#4
אֹהַ֣בְתִּי
and loveth
to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)
#5
לָד֔וּשׁ
to tread out
to trample or thresh
#6
וַאֲנִ֣י
i
#7
עָבַ֔רְתִּי
the corn but I passed over
to cross over; used very widely of any transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive, intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in
#8
עַל
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#9
ט֖וּב
upon her fair
good (as a noun), in the widest sense, especially goodness (superlative concretely, the best), beauty, gladness, welfare
#10
צַוָּארָ֑הּ
neck
the back of the neck (as that on which burdens are bound)
#11
אַרְכִּ֤יב
to ride
to ride (on an animal or in a vehicle); causatively, to place upon (for riding or generally), to despatch
#12
אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙
And Ephraim
ephrajim, a son of joseph; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory
#13
יַחֲר֣וֹשׁ
shall plow
to scratch, i.e., (by implication) to engrave, plough; hence (from the use of tools) to fabricate (of any material); figuratively, to devise (in a bad
#14
יְהוּדָ֔ה
Judah
jehudah (or judah), the name of five israelites; also of the tribe descended from the first, and of its territory
#15
יְשַׂדֶּד
shall break his clods
to abrade, i.e., harrow a field
#16
ל֖וֹ
H0
#17
יַעֲקֹֽב׃
and Jacob
jaakob, the israelitish patriarch

Analysis

This verse develops the salvation theme central to Hosea. The concept of love reflects the development of salvation within biblical theology. The emotional and relational language employed here is characteristic of biblical literature contributing to the canon's theological witness, emphasizing the personal nature of divine-human relationship. The original language emphasizes agape in Greek contexts or hesed in Hebrew, indicating covenantal loyalty, providing deeper understanding of the author's theological intention.

Historical Context

The historical context of the biblical period relevant to this book's composition provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The the cultural context of the biblical world would have shaped how the original audience understood love. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection