Ezekiel 27:14
They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horses and horsemen and mules.
Original Language Analysis
Historical Context
Togarmah (likely Beth-Togarmah, capital of the Tabal kingdom in eastern Asia Minor, modern Armenia/Turkey region) was renowned for horse-breeding. Ancient Near Eastern texts, including Assyrian annals, mention Tabal as a source of horses. The region's mountainous terrain produced hardy cavalry horses. Mules (horse-donkey hybrids) were valuable for carrying loads in rough terrain. By the 6th century BC, cavalry had become dominant in Near Eastern warfare, making horse supply economically and militarily strategic. Solomon earlier imported horses, violating Mosaic law (1 Kings 10:28-29).
Questions for Reflection
- What are modern "horses and chariots"—securities we accumulate that represent trust in human power rather than God?
- How does strategic/military trade create economic dependency that undermines spiritual reliance on divine provision?
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Analysis & Commentary
They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horses and horsemen and mules (בְּסוּסִים וּפָרָשִׁים וּפְרָדִים, besusim ufarashim ufradim)—Togarmah (likely Armenia or eastern Asia Minor, descended from Japheth, Genesis 10:3) specialized in equestrian trade: susim (horses for chariots/cavalry), farashim (war-horses or horsemen), and peradim (mules for burden). Ancient military power depended heavily on horse supply, making this trade strategically vital.
Israel was explicitly forbidden from multiplying horses (Deuteronomy 17:16), meant to trust God rather than military might (Psalm 20:7, Isaiah 31:1). Tyre's horse-trading epitomized reliance on arms rather than the Almighty. When judgment comes, "the horse and his rider" provide no deliverance (Exodus 15:21; Amos 2:15). God opposes not merely commerce, but the militarism and self-sufficiency it enables.