Exodus 39:12
And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.
Original Language Analysis
Historical Context
The twelve stones likely corresponded to the twelve tribes in birth order (as in v. 14), though the exact correlation between specific stones and tribes remains debated. The diversity of colors and types emphasized that each tribe had distinct identity within covenant unity.
Questions for Reflection
- How does the high priest bearing twelve distinct stones challenge individualism in modern Christianity?
- What does Christ's knowledge of each 'stone' in His breastplate reveal about His personal care for you?
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Analysis & Commentary
The third row—ligure (לֶשֶׁם, leshem, possibly jacinth/amber), agate (שְׁבוֹ, shevo), and amethyst (אַחְלָמָה, achlamah, purple stone)—continues the prismatic display. Amethyst's purple hue connects to royalty; agate's banded patterns suggest covenant layers; ligure's warm glow may symbolize God's favor. The breastplate's twelve stones form a miniature representation of the twelve tribes, teaching that the high priest bore the entire covenant community constantly before God. This anticipates Christ's headship over His church—He knows, loves, and intercedes for each member individually.